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I 


lllf 


i   m 


■&ifc#I 


He— 


{Decorati\/ecArt 


STEALING 
AND  FRANCINE 

C1AR1C 
ART  INSTITUTE 
L1BRAJOT 


4t  '■' 


/- 


£iaT  /  m/f^  y 


ijllzy^'6/ 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

Sterling  and  Francine  Clark  Art  Institute  Library 


http://archive.org/details/historyofinkinclOOdavi 


t  4  K\ 


THE 


Mlil^^ 


OF 


& 


INCLUDING  ITS 


ETYMOLOGY,    CHEMISTRY, 


AND 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Jntt-farfe ; 

THjiQCpEUS    QfiVIQ?8    %    CO. 
IS  7    William    Street. 


\t  liiateg  rf  Itti 


zs  liistarg.,  in  tire  camman 
acce/rtatian  af  tire  uiard;  far, 
uifzat  is  generally,  denominated 
kistarg — is  ink.  diffused  an 
fra/rer  in  certain  definite  Lures,  QJ-^l 
ink  Iras  na  lustarg  uiritten  ar  cam- 
/zased  hitherto.  Jfn  iiiem  af  t/iis 
deficiency — ui/zic/r  lietrags  a  singular 
negligence  (an  tke  /rart  af  historians  and 
alt  literarg  men)  and  a  thoughtless  ingrat- 
itude ta  t/iis  urdisjrensaLle  means  af  accom- 
plishing and  frreseraing^  theuL  mark — me 
frrofrase  ta  su/r/rlg  tire  desideratum,  tig 
finishing,  an  t/iese  little  frames,  ui/rat  ls 
indicated  Lg  lire  aLaae  title,  in  tire  fullest 
sense  and  uiidest  sca/re  af  tire  term,  includ- 
ing its  etgmalogg-,  its  chenristrg,  and  all 
l/rat  can  Le  suggested  and  justified  tuf. 
tire  title,  a/L  fairly,  demanded  under  it,  or 
cLainred  fronr  it. 


THE  HISTORY  OF   IJVK. 


JDke  QtLea±  canrm.an  eHLciL  af  general  /zzs- 
ta^lans,  ancient  and  modern,  (uilt/z  a  aety 
feui  ejcce/ztlans  airzanc^  t/ze  moderns,)  has 
been,  that  t/ieif.  hane  q.lnen  ta  the  nioiLld 
little  else  than  natations  and  desc^lfztlons 
of  aia^s  and  treaties.,  of  qraLLetLnmental 
changes,  and  fzalltical  enents,  omitting  to_ 
tLecaiLd  the  often  faiL  ma/Le  zm/za^tant  facts, 
In  t/ze  fils±aiLLf  of  liteicaiuiLe;  science,  and  tke 
a/Lts  af  utility  laf  uihlch  tke  fif-oQ^ess  af 
clulll^atzan  and  tfie  deaela/zment  of  t/ze 
Izturzan  /Lace  in  Its  hl^heiL  capacities  hane 
Leen  effected  a/L  aided.  JDhe  ^iLeat  u  Jfn- 
staiacata^  af  t/ze  Sciences"  uias  t/ze  fli-st 
ta  call  attention  ta  t/zese  amissions  and 
deficiencies  In  all  /z/Lealans  histories,  and  ta 
Indicate  t/ze  dutjj.  af  historians  ta  anald 
t/zese  eHLaiLsf — setting  a  g^aad  ejaamjzle  In 
that  /Les/zect,  In  t/ze  s/zeclmen,  a/L  model 
mark,  lil/zIc/z  /ze  /ztLadiiced  as  a  fzatte/Ln, — 
kls  /zlstojLLf-  af  t/ze  reian  of  Jjf/jemHf-  t/ze 
<~feu_entfz.  Sfznce  kls  time,  mantj.  s/zecial 
klstarles  of  Indentions  and  af  t/ze  arts  of 
ntllltjj.  /za/ie  Leen  wrltteiz;  and  t/ze  numer- 
ous cif-cla/zaedlsts  kane  larc^elif  contributed 
ta  t/zzs  object;  still,  kaaie/ier,  leaning  ma/zjj. 
vacancies  ta  lie  filled  In  t/zls  delzartment  of 
Iziuhan  knoudedc^e,  af  ui/zlc/z  t/ze  one  before 
its  can  not  lie  considered  t/ze  /east  moH htj 
of  t/ze  /abor  /zeedfid  far  Its  Investigation. 


THE   HISTORY  OF  IJSTK.  7 


J3ke  uiord  INK  kas  Leen  ziartously  defined 
liif  lejitcoyra/zkers,  cyclo/zaedtsts  and  ckem- 
Ists;  lint  tke  follouil/zy  terms  may  lie  taken 
as.  fully  eji/zresslny  tke  coirurzan  equalities, 
and  essential  s/zeclflc  characteristics  of  all 
suLstances  Included  under  tke  name. 

Ink  ls  a  colored  liquid  emfzlaiyed  In 
making  lines,  ckaracters  ar  figures  an  sur- 
faces cafzaLLe  of  retaining,  tke  marks  so 
made.  JDke  Ipncyclo/zaedla  J^jrltannlca, 
(lloL  Jill,  ft.  3$g,  i$5b})  glues  tke  folloui- 
Uzy  definition:  " ijtk. — JHke  term  Ink  Is 
usually,  restricted  to  tke  fluid  em/zloyed  m 
uirltlny  uiltk  a  /zen.  (Stker  kinds  of  Ink 
are  Indicated  Liy  a  second  uiord,  suck  as 
red  Ink,  Jfndlan  Ink,  marking  Ink,  sym- 
jzatketlc  Ink,  /zr Inters'  Ink,  etc.  $o_mmojz 
Ink  Is,  koLLLeaer,  sometimes  dlstlnyulsked 
as  uirltlny  Ink." 

^jfls  to  OOLOll, — Llack  Is  and  kas  alaiays 
Leen  preferred  In  ordlnarjy  uses.  2ftor 
ornamental  /zur/zoses  and  for  occasionally 
useful  distinctions,  narlous  otker  tints 
kane  Leen  and  are  ado/zted — as  klue,  red, 
careen,  fzurjzle,  motet,  jyelloui — and  so.  on, 
according  ta  tke  fancy  of  tke  maker,  o.r 
fzurckaser,  or  consumer. 

JHke  suLstance  em/zloyed  to  receive  and, 
/ireserne    tke    marks    tlzus    made    Is    now. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


almost  uniuersallif  SPafzer.  SParckment  i& 
still  used  In  nzanLj.  lea^al  documents  and 
niritinQS  af  farm  and  ceremony.  Rattan, 
linen,  and  silk,  uiken  uiaoen  inta  fabrics  for 
garments  and  like  uses,  cute  also  subjected 
ta  marks  af  ink  far  tke  jzurjzose  af  iden- 
tifying jzrajzertif.  <~Pa  are  uiaaden  and 
leatkern  surfaces,  in  similar  conditions.  Jl 
ls  also  emfzlaijed  in  uiriting.  oji  stone,  in 
tke  quite  modern  art  of  litkog^rajzlzg. 

SJkaug^k  its.  g^reat  original  and  con- 
tinual emfzlaijment  is  in  uiriti/zg,  it  mast  lie 
renzenzbered  tkat  it  is  alsa  la.rg.ekj.  used  in 
tke  delineation  af  objects  bjj  artists.  Jfnk 
and  jzaint  are  mutuallij  canaertible  ta  eaclz 
atlzers  uses,  latt  are  /jet  sa  distinct  in  ckar- 
acter  and  objects,  t/zat  na  ane  regards  t/ze 
uiards  as  stj.naniLfma.us,  and  no  jzrecise  defi- 
nition is  needed  ta  teaclz  t/ze  distinction 
betmeen  tlzem.  ^fl&y  far  instance,  in  jzen- 
and-ink  drauiings  and  sketclzes,  tke  uik 
segues  tke  jzurjzose  of  jzaint.  <~fo  Likeuiise 
in.  tke  Letters  an  sig^n- boards,  Sic.  jzaint  mag 
lie  considered  as  a  substitute  far  uik.  JDke 
artist  uiko  traces  kis  name  an  tke  canvas 
in  a  earner  of  kis  jzainting,  emjilags  /zauit 
in  a  similar  manner.  printing-ink  is  used 
as  black  jzaint.  Jfn  tke  best  red  inks,  car- 
mine (a  jzaint  in  mater- colons)  is  tke  essen- 
tial ingredient.  Jfndian  Jfnk  is  used  kere 
onlij.  as  jzaint, — in  $kina,  as  ink. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


IfYMittff. 


a 


J3F/ze.  de^inatian  af  t/ie  $ng.lis/z  uia^d 
ink/'  and  af  its  ^efz^esentatiaes  in  u.atLiaus 
nzadeiLn  Lanc^uac^es,  has  caused  muck,  jze^- 
/zLezLLtLf  ta  fzfziLalacfists,  and  has.  Leen  t/ze 
su.Lj.ect  af  irzanif.  eManeaus  canfectu^es.  fUfe 
suffix,  t/ze  nam.es  Lllj.  uikicfz  It  is  knauuz  in 
t/zase  natians  ui/za  haae  nzast  em.fzLaLf.ed  it : 

English,  ....  Ink. 

Lovu-(L)utch}  JSfeder-(X>uytsch,    Hollandisch,     .  Inkt 

German  or  (X)eutsch,  .  (X>inte  and  Tinte. 

Old  German,     .  finker,  Tincta,  Tinta  and  (Dinde, 

(Danish,  Norvoe^ian,  )  -..-,--.--,—       _     . 

VT  'r,        _.  s         ;  >  Blaek,  {India  Ink,  Tusch  ) 

Jvorse,  Icelandic,  )  '  y 

I^laeck,  {India  Ink,  Tusk  J 


Swedish, 
French, 
Old  French, 
Italian, 
Spanish, 
(Portuguese,  , 
Ulyrian, 
(Polish, 
Lfasque, 
Latin, 

JVIediceval  Latin 
Greek, 
Hebrew, 
Chaldee, 
firabic, 
(Persian, 
Hindustani, 
and  Hindui 
Sanscrit, 
Armenian 


:;} 


Encre. 

Enque. 

Inchiostro. 

Tinta. 

Tint  a. 

Ingvas. 

Incaust. 

Coransia. 

Jitr  amentum. 

Encaustum. 

JVIelan. 

(p'yo. 

Jl'kaso. 

JVikson,  finghas. 

S^y^ah'o. 

S'yaho,  I(osKna,  kali,  shii^a,  mas, 

murakkat,  kalik,  midad. 

...  .  Kali,  (F)lack,) 

Syuaghin. 


10  THE   HISTOIfY  OF    T]\fK. 


fWe  might  amuse  ou^selnes  hg  extend- 
ing this  taliulaiL  list  indefinitelgr  ffizough, 
houieiie/Lf  has  Leeiz  abLeadg  shouin  to.  illus- 
trate a  feui  tLematLkalile  facts,  uihich  uie  uiish 
ta  fuLesent  that  a/Le  connected  uiith  the 
etgnzologg  of  aiuL  subject ;  Ltd  me  jziLesent 
a  fzage  of  J£dhogJLa/zhic  illustrations  uihich 
mill  enable  ang  " curious  iLeaderi}  ta  trace 
the  uiord  further. 

J^a  dictionary,  of  the  fpnglish  language 
gities  usanyhel/z  or light  about  the  /natter. 
fUfebster  suggests "  inchiostro"  (the  Jftcdian 
uiord})  as.  the  source  of  detonation;  and 
all  the  Jftalian  lejiicogra/zhers  agree  that 
inchiostro  Is  from  the  latetL  J£atin  enca  us  tum, 
uihich  Is  i/zfact/^reek,  Eyxautfrov,  (ffizcauston,) 
"  burned-in  or  corroded. "  §ncaustum  became 
corru/zted  into  " enchausPrurn," from  udzich 
the  transit zon  ta  "inchiostro"  Is  bg  the  reg- 
ular form  of  derivation  from  the  J£a±in  to. 
the  Jftalian, — the  J£  before  a  nouiel  gining 
/zlace  to  a  shotLt  J? — as  "piano"  from,  planus. 
(JSfhe  ch,  in  Jftalian  is  aLuiags  sounded 
hard,  like,  the  English  JfC.) 

j£eau_ing  the  French  uiord  encre,  as  on 
the  middle  ground  betuieen  different  ety- 
mologies, and  affording  no.  light  either 
wag, — tae  find  the  £fjzanish  and  ^Portu- 
gese " tinta"  and  the  /d^ehnan  (a  Language 
u/ulelij.  demote  pt-am.  those  of  the  jfberian 
/zeniusu/a   in    origin  and  affinities)  "dinte, 


THE   HISTORY  OF   IJTK.  11 


tinte  and  tincta,"  faficililg  fienzinding  us  af 
tke  J£atin  fzafiticijzle  tinctus,  tincta,  tinc- 
.tum,  ffiam  tke  nefik  tingo,  uikick  m  fiefzfie- 
sented  in  fpnglisk  lig  tinge,  and  atkefi 
defiinatines,  suck  as  "tincture"  &c.  flffe 
cannat  fief  use.  ta  fiecaa^ni^e  tke  JffaLLand- 
QXutck  "Inkt"  as  ffiam  tke  same  fiaat 
ta  uikick  uie  kane  tkus  tfiaced  tke  cafifies- 
fzanding  uiafid  in  a  language  uikick  me 
mag  call  its  u  causin  -/^efiman  /'  and  it 
Is  kafid  ta  exclude  tke  (Did  2f?fienck  "Enque  " 
and  nzadefin  "  Encre "  ffiam.  tkis  cificle  af 
fielatianskifz. 

JHken,  uie  afie  sameuikat  imjzfiessed  Lg 
tke  discanefig  af  tke  uiafid  Ingvas  ui  tke 
JflLgfiian,  a  language  af  tke  <~ftano„nic  (afi 
mafie  jzfiajzefiLg  cflauenic)  stack,  Like  tke 
SPalis/z, — and,  Like  tkat,  enfiicked  lig  uiafids 
defiiaed  ffiam  tke  J£atin.  JHke  SPalisk, 
kauienefi,  /zfiesents  as  uiitk  tke  actual 
z^fiaeca-^Eatin  Encaustrum. 

Sftill  mafie  fiemate  ffiam  tke  fptzglisk  and 
Jftalian,  uie  find  amang  tke  (Dfiientals  af 
tke  <~fkemitisk  fiace,  anghas  and  nikson  in 
Ike  ^/Ifia/iic,  and  n'kasho  in  tke  $kaldee, 
uiitk  a  manifest  fiesenzLlance  in  saund,  and 
uiitk  an  actual  fzassessiajz  af  tke  same  ele- 
ments and  fiadical  lettefis,  Jf.  Jf£.  flfet 
uie  da  not  think  af  suggesting  tkat  tkese 
uiafids  kad  a  camman  afiigin  uiitk  tke  cafi- 
fiesjzanding  anes  in  ^ufiajzean  ^Languages, 


IS  THE  HISTORY  OF  rjTK. 


th.auQ.h-  so  nea/Llif  coincident  in  sound.  JDhe 
case  is.  SdrnftLf  one  af  accidental  resenz- 
lilance,  a  iLemaiLkaLLe  coincidence, — (liecause 
occuHLinQ,  at  three  different  and  remote 
/zaints,)  Ltd.  jj.et  a  coincidence  not  mhalliQ. 
un/zaralelled. 

J3fhe  /zralialiLLLtQ  is.  that  the  ffiiQlish  uio.rd, 
Like  the  (ZDittch,  /^ernzan,  SF/zanLsh,  Sic,  caine 
from,  the  ^£atin  TINCTUM,  lint  it  mciQ  lie  left 
"an  a/zen  question;"  far  if  uie  had  not  these 
instances  ta  direct  the  for/nation  of.  our 
o/zuzians,  me  shojdd  haae  no.  hesitation  in 
acknamledQuiQ  the  Jftalian  Inchiostro  as  the 
true  etymon;  j-iist  as,  if  me  had  neither  af 
these  in  niem,  uie  miQht  susfzect  the  oMqlii 
of  olul  mard  ta  lie  in  the  (Oriental  an g has  or 
nikson. 

JDhe  fpthia/zic  kalama  at  first  sIq/zI  a/i- 
jzears  ta  lie  delated  ta  the  Hindustani  KALI; 
lint  the  Latter  is  merely,  the  mard  in  all  the 
LanQuaQ.es  af  Hindustan  far  LLack, — m/zde 
the  farmer  is  lint  a  modification  of  the  ^ reek 
and  j£atin  calamus,  a  reed  or  jzen, — the  in- 
strument (naturally.  enauQ/z)  qlvuzq  its 
nanze  ta  the  Liquid  uihich  mas  essential  to. 
its  use. 

JDhe  mard  encaustum  connects ,  in  a  ueHf. 
inte/LestinQ  and  instHictuie  manner,  Lath 
mdlz  the  history  and  the  chemistry  or  man- 
ufacture of  our  moder/z  inks,  and  is  a  satis- 
factory, demon  si  ration  of  the  utility  of  such 


THE   HISTORY  OF  IJTK.  13 


etymological  researckes  as  tkose  in  mkick 
me  kaae  keen  kere  zndulging. 

jDke  one  great  distinction  lietmeen  the 
ancient  and  tke  modern  uzks  is.  tkis :  J3fke 
old  inks,  mere  paints  ;  tke  mriting  inks  nom 
in  use  lig  all  nations  ( ezicefzting  tkose  of 
SFoutkeTn  ^fisia)  atLe  dyes.  JJkat  is  tke 
mkoLe  difference. 

Jft  uiauld  fie  mell  to.  gine  a  definition  or 
Limitation  of  tke  mords  "  ^fLncient"  and 
" jllodern."  Jfo  ane  kas  done  it  kitkerto. 
fUfe  mill  not  attemjzt  to  fLX.  tke  jzoint  fzre- 
ciselg,  lint  mag  reasonalilg  sag  tkat  tke  /ze- 
Mad  uzteraening  Letuieen  SPe/ztemlier,  ^fl.di. 
J±i 0 ,  (uiken QLome uias taken kg  alaric  and 
kis  flfisigotks)  and  (H)ecemlier  £5,  ^fk.  0). 
#0  0 ,  (mken  JfCarltke  /^reat,  otkermise  called 
/$karlemagne,  mas  cromned  m  &Lome  lig 
SPo/ze  J!£ea  mitk  tke  title  of  ^m/zero.r  of  tke 
JfEalg  3fLoman  fpmfzire)  contains  tke  internal 
lietmeen  antiguitg  and  modern  tiin.es. 

JDke  introduction  of  SPa/zeras  tke  common 
matet-iaL  u/zon  mkick  significant  ckaracters 
mere  to  lie  marked,  must  kane  kad  a  great 
agencg  in  fzro^ducing  a  ckange  uz  tke  com- 
position of  tke  liquid  emfzloged  in  making 
tke  marks. 

Parchment  mas  tke  sulistance  in  use, 
among  all  tke  ^uro/zean  natLOJis,  as  tke  sub- 
stratum of  manuscri/zt;  from  Ike  time  mkeiz 
Ike  fpgg/ztian  papyrus  ment  out  offaskion. 


14  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK 


oik  Ike  /zatLckment  and  the  /za/itf^us 
uie^e  ui/LLtten  u/zan,  Llj.  S3LcLm.an.Si,  greeks  and 
jf&LiLeuis,  uLLlh.  J  tens,  made  af  small  iLeeds, 
di/tfted  in  a  fluid  ca/n/zased  of  carbon,  (not 
dissolved,  lint)  Izeld  In  a  state  af  sus/zenslojz 
laf  an  all  a/L  a  salutlan  af  gum. 

JDIze  Letters  uietLe  a/cLglnaLLtf  /tainted  an 
t/ie  surface  of  tke  fza/zgHts,  /za/Lcktrzent, 
LaatLd,  ojl  atkeiL  material  s.a  em/zLoged — tlze 
Ink.  not  lielng  unLlLed  ojl  alisa^lied  luj. 
tlze  sulislance  an  uiklc/z  It  mas  sized,  liut 
Remaining  on  tlze  surface,  ca/zaliLe  of  liel/ig 
Remaned  liif  masking,  saLajzlng,  Hilililng, 
ojl  anif  sundae  /z^acess.  JD/ze  surface 
t/zus  cleans.ed  uias.  tfzen  In  a  state  to 
iLecelae  a  neui  lnscjLl/ztlan ;  so  t/zat  evasions, 
and  InscH/ztlans.  mlg/zt  lie  Indefinitely 
/-e/zeated  u/za/z  It,  as  u/zan  a.  madeHz  s.lgn- 
liaatLd. 

Modern  Ink,  an  tke  cojzttLa/LL(.,  Leaa.es  Its. 
maiLks.  u/zan  fza/zetL,  /za^clzment,  Sic.,  litf  fzen- 
eti-atlng  tke  material  ta  suck  a  de/zlk  t/zat 
It  cannot  lie  erased  (  meckaizLcaLLg)  uiitkaut 
tke  iLenzaiLal  atL  destruction  af  tke  surface 
Liiklck  It  kas.  tinged.  $kenzlcal  agencg,  as  af 
naiLlaus.  acids,  cklojLlne  and  Its.  cam/zounds, 
Is  genet-alLg  em/ilaged,  tketLefaiLe,  ta  dts- 
cka/cge  tlze  colo/c  pLam.  madefrz  iu/cLtmg-L/zA:- 
mai-ks,  Carbon,  In  all  Its  common  founts, 
(c/zatLcaal,  liltumlnaus  coal,  antkhacLte,  j.et, 
/il/unliaga,  Lignite,  luat^LLack.,  Lam/z-LLack 


THE  HISTORY  OF   IJfK.  15 


and  so^ot})  is  m/zalkf.  unatte^aLLe  in  coLo^  luf 
antf  of  t/zese  ckenzicaL  means.. 

Printing  Ink  (mkic/z  is  cam/zased  of  ca^- 
Llqjz  sus/zendedin  a  cLpl^ltlq.  od)  ls,  in  essentia/ 
cka/^acte^istics,  identical  mit/z  t/ze  m^itiizQ- 
inks  of  t/ze  ancient  £Hamans  and  /^^eeks. 
Jft  is  imfztLessed  u/zon  t/ze  siufaceaf  jzajze^, 
(t/zat  m/zic/z  is   unsized  ojl  kiLalaus.    Leinc^ 
commonly  fztLefeHLed,)  and  is  detained  un- 
clzajzQed  laf  tfze  action  of  moistujLe}  on  ac- 
count of  tfze  inso/ulii/itjj^  of  t/ze  caiLLan  and 
t/ze  ^e/zu/siojz  Letmeen  oil  and  matetL.    J3ffzese 
tiiLQ-  fohris  of  ink.  a^e  tlze^efoi^e  t/ze   ezcact 
o/zfzosites  of  eac/z  othetL}  in  t/ze  equalities  on 
mkic/z   tkeuL  use  and  Jze/Lmanence   dejzend. 
JH/ze    mast    inzjzo^tant   /zeculia^itif.    of  t/ze 
nzodeHz  uut-itinQ-inJk,  as  contrasted  mit/z  t/ze 
ancient j  natu^atti^  suQQested  t/ze  tma  names 
Lii/zic/z  it  LojLe  in  t/ze  SEatin  and  ^tLeek  of  t/ze 
nziddte  ac^es,  ojc  (to  s/zeak  maiLe  definitely 
t/ze  time,  af  its  intiention  and  fuLst  enzjzlaL^- 
nzent.      J?±  mas  a   Tincta,  a  dye,  ojl  stain, 
mkic/z  tinged  and  tinctured  t/ie  material  on 
mkic/z  it  mas   /zlaced,  entering  ainonQ  its 
fillies  as  coloring,  fluids  da  into  clot/z  in  t/ie 
ojLdinaiLLf.   /z^ocesses    of  manufacture.      Jft 
jzenet^ated  t/ze  suLstance  of  tke  /za/ze/c  (as 
caustics  ojl  jzame^fuL  c/ze/rucal  sodne/zts  and 
co^osines  act  on  t/ze  oj^anicfili^e):  it  bit  in, 
a^burnedin, — and  mas  tke/LefaiLe  me/L  named 
encauston  and  Incaustum. 


16  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


tmMMiM  ox  wimmim  of  mk. 


fWe.  da  nat  fi/u/ia&e.  la  fnhzisk  ^eci/ie&} 
ftfiesjcHhtinns.,  di^eclians  at*-  instHLctians  fajL 
ike  /na//afacliuLe  af  ikis  article.  J^a^  nze^e 
statement  in  wj&JxLh.  can  enalile  anzf  one  la 
cuWuue.  al  fzetLfectLan,  af-ejiLceLLen.ee,  ojl  jziLac- 
IlcclL  success  Ln  tke /zfadnctLan  of  ikis  a/tirfe, 
aJ-antf  afticLes.  nikatsa.e/ie^.  ^/L  skill  andca^e- 
falness,  uikick  can  lie  acc^nifed  ankf  luf.  long 
and  la  La^iaas.  eJLJzetience,  afe  indis/zensalile 
la  ike  nzana^enzent  af  Ike  na^iaus  hJ-a- 
cess.es..  J3fime  is  an  essential  element  af 
success  in  ikis  /zecnliaf  cuLl ;  and  ikal 
makes  alisotatehf  Requisite  al&a,  lata  alke^ 
conditions, — patience  and  capital.  fWe  skall 
tke^efafe  lie  LtLLef  an.  ikis  /zai/zt, — tLefeHLinc^ 
ikose  mka  misk  faiL  muz  ate  details,  la  Ike 
ctfcla/iaedias,  dictionaries  af  Ike  arts  and 
sciences,  and  Ike  lat^ef  uiatLks  an  /z^acti- 
cal  ckemistfif.  JDke  fallauiinQ  uie  nentufe 
la  fzfesent  as  Ike  mast  caHLect  account  af 
ikis  sulifect,  defined  pLanz  Ike  latest  scien- 
tific and  /ztLactical  authorities. 

JDIzc  canz/zasLtLan  af  ink.  ucules  according 
la  its  cala^s,  and  tke  /zu^/zases  la  uikick 
it  is.  la  lie  a/z/zlied. 

Common  black  writing-ink  is  tke  tannate 
af  l/ze  sesquajujcl  af  u-an  muted  ullI/z  a 
smaller   quantity    af   tke  Qallatc    af   tke 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJSTK.  17 


sesqizajcifd  af  uLan.  fllfken  zn  tke  Hcf_Lzicl 
fojLm>  it  is  Qene^aLlLj.  tke  tannate  and  val- 
late af  tke  jirotaxiycL ;  lint  afteiL  LeirzQ  LanQ 
kejzt,  (af-futt  an  tke /za/zetL  and  dtLjj.in<^  tketLe,) 
it  aLsa^Ls  mojce  ajiift^en  ffairz  tke  atirzas- 
/zke^e  ;  and  tkns  tke  salzne  cam/zaa/zds  lie- 
came  tke /zetL-tannate  and  /ze^-Qallate,  uikick 
atce  Llacke^  tkaiz  tke  tannate  and  vallate  af 
tke  /z^ata^tfd.  Jft  z&  tkns  and  tkeiLefaiLe 
tkat^aad  irzadehz  ink  is  knamn  laf  tlze  sinz- 
jzLe  test-qszaLztij.  af  da/LkeninQ  laf.  aa^e.  @Jn 
tke  atlze^  kand,  mken  m^itinc^  Lecanzes  ifel- 
lam,  /zale  ojl  indistinct  Ljj.  aQe,  it  is  pLam 
tke  decai^  aftlze  iirzjze^fectlLf.  canzLined  nec^e- 
taLle  ast^uzQent, — tke  mafiks  an  tke  jzajxe^ 
a^  lzaiLckment  Leinciy  tken  Izttle  mojLe  than 
tke  stain  af  tke  /ie/L-ajiLfd  (tkat  is  tke  ses- 
qaaziifd)  af  uLon.  Jff  tke  m^itten  sa/face 
lie  tken  ca^efzzlkf.  masked  a^  even  mazstened. 
uiitk  tke  Infusion,  af  nnt-Qalls,  it  mill  lie 
^ende^ed  Llacke^  and  ifliefa^e  indistinct  mill 
Leco..me.  lea^zLLe.  JDkzs  mcuf  sametzmes  Le 
Letted  accatrz/zlisked  Ltf  fuLst  a/z/zkfiizQ.  a 
meak  salutian  af  ajialic  acid  afL  uety.  dilate 
muriatic  {kifdtLa.-ckla/Lzc)  acid,  and  tken  deli- 
cately laifinQ  an  tke  infizszan  of  emails. 

filfken  tke  m/Litinc^  /za/ze/L  kas  Leen  made 
af  infe^za^  iLac^s}  Lleacked  znztk  cklojLi/zc,  tke 
Lest  ink  asecl  ZLJzan  it  is  Iza/ile  ta  Lecanze 
discalafLed. 

J\fizt-QaLls  oj~ Qxzll-izais  {Gallce-tinctoricE) 


lg  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


are  excrescences  cjrouunc^  u/ion  the  teanes 
ortniicjs  of oak  trees,  (es/ieciatijj.the  Quercus 
wfectoria^)  caused  bif  the  /uincture  of  cut  in- 
sect (the  Cynics  gattce-tinctorice)  which,  de- 
posits its.  cqqs  in  the.  jierfo  rations  thus. 
iua.de.  JDhe  Quercus  mfectoria  is  most  abun- 
dant  iu  SPeT&ia,  ^/teso/iotamia,  <~fjj_ria  and 
^fisia  jitinor,  fram  uihich  coimtries  the  exalts 
are  brought  iu  la^q.e  quantities,  to  the  man- 
ufactories of  fpufaftje  and  ^fLmerica.  JDhe 
Lest  are  catted  "Aleppo  gaits,"  from  the 
name  of  the  Syrian  citjj.  uihich  is  the  chief 
original  market  for  them.  JDhose  from 
<~FmgHia  are  atso.  highly,  esteemed. 

JDheg  contain  the  negetabte  astringent 
jirincijile  catted  tannin  in  greater  abundance 
than  ang  cither  knomn  substance.  j3 his  is 
chemicaltg.  resolned  into,  the  acids  knouui 
as  the  tannic  andgaltic.  jyi.lt  the  moods  and 
Larks  emjilogecL  in  the  manufacture  of 
Leather  bg  the  tanning  of  hides  contain  this 
astringent  matter  in  aarious  decrees.  JDhe 
oak  and  the  hemlock,  for  instance,  are  in 
extensible  and  fainitiar  use  for  this  juu-jiose 
in  the  fl tinted  States.  JDhe  blackness  of 
ink,  as  has  been  already,  indicated,  is  derided 
from  the  combination  of  these  tuio  acids 
uuth  ax.Lj.dbj.ed  iron  in  saline  com/iounds 
uihich  are  insotuLde  iu  mater,  and  are  there- 
fore /ireci/iitated  or  de/iosited  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  ftuid,  untess  held  mechanicaLlg. 


THE   HISTOPLY  OF   IjYK.  19 


sas/zended  in.  it}  kif  Qurn.,  suQa^  a^  sanze 
sinzila^  suLstance  ailziclz  chines  tke  c/uLalitif 
of  ili&ciditif  ta  its  solutions. 

j^JIze  falLouiing  mill  se^ae  as  a  Qaoxlfa^nz- 
llLcl  fatL  nzakzizg  canznzan  ink,  cuzcl  mill  Le 
enough,  ta  gme  aiz  Idea  af  tke  ai~dinatLif_ 
a/zd  general  irzode  af.  its.  cojrzjzasitzan : — 
"  J^fake  af  ^/He/z/za.  emails  finelif  Lfodsed,  six. 
ounces, — sul/z/zate  of  i/Lan,  fautL  amzces, — 
guirz  ^fttLaliLc,  fautL  OLuzces, — matetL,  six/zints. 
Jd^xiiL  tlze.  galls  i/z  tlze  mateiL  fojL  aLaut  turn 
lzauiLs,  occasionally,  adding  mateiL  ta  su/z/zlg 
tlze  lass  pLairz  en.a/za/catian  ;  tlzen  add  tlze 
attzei-  uzgtLedzents  ;  a/zd  kee/z  tlze  mlzaLe  fojL 
turn,  nzantlzs  i/z  a  mad-den.  a/L  glass  ties- 
set,  ui/zic/z  is  ta  Le  s/zake/z  at  internals. 
JDIze/z  strain  tlze  ink.  i/zta  glass  Lotties, 
adding  a  fern  d/~oJzs  of  creosote  ta  /z/~enent 
/rzaulduzess. " 

Resides  its  /z/:a./zet~tg  af  azsciditg,  tlze 
guirz  jzassesses  tlze  jzamet-  of  /z/Lene/zting 
tlze  ink  pLOMZ  Leing  taa  fluid. :  and  it  atsa 
se^aes  ta  juLotect  tlze  LLegetaLle  nzatteiL  p-anz 
decojiz/zasztian.  J3ke  gjLeat  desideiLatunz  oj~ 
tLecf_uisite  is  t/zat  tlze  ink  sfzaidd  flam  uiiiA 
/zetpect  pLeedairz  pLam  tke  jzen,  to.  alloia 
iLajzid  milt'uzg,  and  t/zat  it  should  adlzeiLe  ta 
tlze  /za/ze/-,  ojl  (<  Lite  into  it//  sa  as  not  ta  Le 
effaceable  Lg  mas/zing  atL  s/zo/igzng.  SJIze 
g/Leat  defect  ta  Le  avoided  and  /u-eneizted  is 
tlze  ma/zt  of  dtuLaLditg.      jDIze  m/lting,  ink 


0  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


(  f  trie  ancients,  uffljs.  c/zaractef-ijed  Li^  q.reat 
/ze/cma/ze/zcjf,  Lcdizc^  com/zosed  of fi/zeLjj.  jzid- 
LLetLi^.edcatLLoiztrzzjaed  uuttz  a  irzuc'zLac^uzous  or 
czdlzesiae  Liquid.  India  oj~  China  Ink  is  of 
t/zzscom/zosztzo/z:  it  zs  formed  of  Lam/ z-liLac/i: 
audszje  o^fuzeaizzmaLQlue,  uzitfz  tlze  uiczdeiz- 
taLadditioiz  of/zeifizmes.  Jft  is  usediu$lz'uza 
udtlz  a  LlHzsIz,  Lot/zfoj~uu~ztLu£aizd/zauziiu£ 
on_$lziizese/za/zejL ;  audit  is  em/zLoyeduz  otLzer 
couizttLzes  fatL  irzczkuzq^  djLauiiuQS  in  LLack.  cuzd 
lu/zite, — the.  different  de/zt/zs  of  s/zade  Leuz£ 
/ziLoduced  lof  llcz^uzc^  i/ze  decree  of  dilzziio/z 
in  LLicztetL. 

Jfizks.  of  otketL  colors  tizcuz  LLack  uiet-e  cuz- 
cie/ztltf  izsed  ozzLjj_  foJL /zur/zoses  of  ohzamezztaL 
czrzd  decojLa±ine  uiriti/itj.  Jfiz  Later  cuzd/ zres- 
e/zt  times,  tLed  cuzd  [due  iizks  Izane  Leeiz  eai- 
te/zsiaeltf  em/zlojj^ed  z/z  HzLuzc^  accotuzt- Looks 
cuzd  ot/zetL  Jz.cz/ zeiL  foiL  Like  uses.  J^lue  inh> 
uiitlzi/z  teiz  a^ma^ei^ears/zast,  fzczs  keen,  udtlz 
nzcuzLf,  a/zjLefeHLedfLuzdfojLcojmrzorz  uuLiti/zc(. 
J$.Lue  LnJt}  uiLze/z/z/co/zerLifmadef  f Louts  udtlz 
Q^eat  ease  cuzd  /^a/ziditif.  pLouz  tlze  jzeu,  diLzes 
czLmost  i/zstcz/ztiif  oiz  tlze  /za/ze/^  cuzd  has 
Leeiz  su/z/zosedo^e-n/zectedto.  Le  quzte  diu^aLLe, 
czizd  zuzclzarzc^eaLLe  i/z  coloiL,  iuzde/L  oiLcLzizarjj 
aicissitudes.  J2fet}  e;\i/zerieuce  fzczs  demoiz- 
sti^ated  tlze  co/ttiLaiLij, — L/zo-Uq/z  zuudous  czud 
uieLL-coiztiLi/ied  c/zemicaL  couzLiizatzoiis  Izczae 
Leeiz  attem/zted  fo/~  tlze  /zuifzose.  J^Lue  in  ks 
tfzczt  chaizge  to  LLacLii  some  tzuze  after  wi-itiuq 


THE  HISZOIiY  OF   IJTK.  21 


atLe  ue/Hf  /za/zula/L.  C^n  meLl-made  and  fzigk- 
/zHced/zafze^  and  uiitlz  gold/zens,  suck  inks, 
if  /z^e/za^ed  iuf  good  ckemists,  mag.  ulti- 
mately fzicane  u±atLt/zg_  of  tke  kigk  esteenz  in 
mfiLcfz  tkeg.  cuLekeLd  ;  Lut  tkeitL  absolute  and 
unc/za/zgeable  du^akititg  is  g_et  ta  lie  tested 
Lif  ex/zeHence,  LefaiLe  t/zeg  ccuz  be  safelg 
emfzlaged  fa/c  uiiLitings  of  ji^eHnanent  naLie, 
and  belied  a/z  foiL  use  hz  making  ^eca^ds  de- 
signed fa/L/z/Lese/Lnatian  and  iLefetLence  during 
a  Lang.  course  ofg.eatLs. 

j3/ze/ce  is  a  canzjzaund  of  l±LclziLo_nzate  of 
/zatas/z  and  extract  of  Laguiaad,  uikickfahns 
a  aeiLg.  c/zeafz  and  canaenient  inciting,  fluid. 
0)fL.  flhLe  fztLanaunces  it  "a  nile  dge. )}  flf~et  it 
mag.  fiane  its  utilities,  in  Localities  demote 
ftLam  t/ze  centres  af  cinili^atian  and  canz- 
meiLce} — as  int/ze  neui  settlements  in  Laestehz 
^fLmeiLica,  in  ^fLust^alia,  Sic,  and  faiL  t/Lai±- 
eletLs  in  ^fkpLica,  in  tfze  ^fLiLctic  and  at/zet- 
kafLLatLaus  atL  unin/zaLited  Regions.  JDIze 
falLauiing  is  t/ze  Lest  fahnula  ui/zic/z  can  lie 
giaen  fatL  t/zis  canzjzaund  ;  and  uie  /zfLesent  it 
an  tfze  fzigkest  clzemical  aut/za/Litg : — "  JDake 
J^ick^amate  a f  /zatas/z,  Y-4  cl%. — fpx±iLact  af 
laguiaad  1  0%.. — failing  niatejL,   1  gallon. 

JWe  /zaae  taken  t/ze  trouble  ta  giae  t/iis 
/z/cesaLi/ztian  atcfofLmuLa}Lecause same  quacks 
/ia/ie  keen  jzeddling  it  all  aLieiL  t/ze  countiLg, 
at  all  sa/Lts  af  fziLices,  nagging  (according,  ta 
t/ie  aLedulitg.  and  libe/Lalitg,  of  /i///cckase/csj 


22  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


front  SO  cent*  la  $250.  Mc  guie  it  fat 
j-ust  mkat  it  is  utaftk  ;  and  t/iat  is. — exact  Lg. 
ui/zat  t/zis  boa/a  casts,  tlie.  reader. 

J^ffzc  Longest  and  mast  naLuabLe  /zassage 
uilziclz  uie  find  in  t/ie  uiritings  of  an  if.  fpng- 
Lis/i  autlior,  ulLlcl  Lias  aLLttded  ta  our  subject, 
is  tke  faLLauiLng,  from  "  The  Origin  and 
Progress  of  Writing,  bg.  JD/zamas  ^/LstLe, 
j&.M  3\,  &.$L'&.  Sic,  fz/z.  goq  to  gig, 
gd  edition,  Randan,  i&OS. 

"  Of  Inks.  J?nk  Lzas.  not  anLg  keen  use- 
fuL  in  aLL  ages,  Lot  stiLL  caniuzu.es  absaLuteLg. 
necessarg  ta  t/ze  /z/Lese/Luatian  and  imfzrane- 
nzent  of.  eaerg.  art  and  science,  a/zd  far  can- 
ducting  t/ze  ardinarg  transactions  of  Life. 

i(  QLadg  exjzerience  skauis  t/zat  t/ze  nzast 
common  objects.  geneiLaLLg  fzraLLe  mast  use- 
fid  and  beneficiaL  ta  mankind.  J3lze  con- 
stant occasion  uie  Izaae  far  Jfnk  eiiuzces  its 
canue/uence  and  utititg..  £$ram  the  im- 
jzortant  benefits,  arising  ta  s.ocietg  from  its 
use,  and  t/ze  injuries  LndudduaLs  mag.  suffer 
from  t/ze  frauds,  of  designing  men  in  the 
abuse  oft/iis  necessarg.  articte,  it  is  to.  be 
ti'isJzed  t/iat  t/ze  LegisLature  uiaulrt  fra/ue 
same  regulation  ta  /zromote  its.  uu/uLaLi_e- 
nzent,  and  /zrenent  Lmancty  and  cuutHce 
fi-om  mailing  it  instrumental  to  t/ie  accom- 
///iskment  ofang.  base  /zur/iose. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK.  23 


"  Simjzle  as  tlze  canzjzasitian  af  Jfnk 
may  lie  thaizyht,  and  Really  is — it  Is  a  fact 
melL  knamn,  tfiat  me  haiie  at  /z/Lesent  none 
ecf^ual  in  lieautiy  and  colojL  ta  that  used  hy 
the  ancients;  as  mill  a/z/zeatc  by  atz  insfzec- 
tian  af  many,  of  tlze  manusaLifzts  aliaae 
equated,  especially  tkase  m^itten  in  tpncgLand 
iiz  tlze  times  af  t/ze  <~Fajians.  fllfhat  acca- 
sians  sa  jy^eat  a  disfzatLitiy  f  (SDaes  it  aHse 
pLam  autL  iyna^ance,  a/c  f/Lam  au/L  uia/zt  af 
nzateHaLs  ?  From  neither,  hut  from  the 
negligence  of  the  present  race;  as  ne/cy.  Little 
attention  mould  saa/z  demanstfcale  t/zal  uie 
mant  neither  skill  izoJ-  itzyscedients  ta  nzake 
Jfnk  as  yaad  nam  as  at  any  fatcme/c  fzetLiad. 

(<  Jft  is  an  abject  af  tlze  utmost  tm/zari:- 
ance  t/zat  tlze  £R.ecatLds  of  SPai^liament,  t/ze 
(Hecisians  and  ^fLdyudicatians  a  f  the  Rousts 
af Jpustice,  ^aniieiyancesf^am  man  ta  man, 
/Hfilts,  JfJestuments,  and  other  instruments 
m/zielz  affect  /z^a/ze/ty.,  slzauld  lie  m^itten 
uiitfz  Jfnk  af  such  dujLal±le  quality  as  may 
Lest  Resist  tlze  destHLctine  jzametLs  af  time 
and  tlze  elenzents .  JDIze  necessity,  af  fzayiny. 
<ytLeatetL  attention  ta  t/iis  matted  may.  lie 
Readily  seen  liy  cam/za/Liny  lite  &oLLs  and 
Records  t/zat  Izaiie  lieen  uiHtten  fj-am  tlze 
fifteenth  century,  to.  tlze  end  of  the  senen- 
teenth,  uiith  t/ze  uuLztinys  me  haae  Remaining. 
afaaHaus  ayes  f/co.m  the  fifth  to.  the  tmelfth 
ceniuHf.       J^atmithstandiny  the   s/t/?rjLiofL 


^4  237J57  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


an±Lq_iu±L(r  af  tlze  Lotted,  tlzejj.  a/Le  in  excellent 
/i/cese/ctiatian  ;  Lut  uie  pLeq.uentl^  find  tke 
faiLnzeiL,  tkaugk  af  incL/Le  nzadenz  date,  &a 
nzuck  defaced  t/zat  t/zeij.  cuLe  scarcely.  iec^iLle. 

"  Jfnks  cuLe  af  naiLiaus  sa/lts,  as — encaustic 
oiL  naHiis/z,  Jfndian  ink,  Qaid  and  sillier, 
/uuLfzle}  LLack,  tLed,  c^iLeen,  and  tiatLiaus  atliet- 
cala/Ls.  JHIze7*e  uieiLe  aisa  secret  and  sjjjiz- 
jiatketic  Jfnks. 

"  JDIze  JP/zk  used  Lif  tlze  ancients,  had 
nat/zLtiQ  in  canzmaiz  uiitlz  autcs,  Lut  tke  colo& 
and  Qunz.  /^alt-nuts,  ca/z/ze/Las  and  gum. 
nzake  u/z  tlze  canz/zasitian  af  au/L  Jfnk; 
uiketLeas  saat}  atL  ina^Lf-Llack,  uias  tlze  c/uef 
zng/^edient  in  t/zat  af  tlze  ancients ;  sa  t/zat 
Lte/Hf  aid  cka/te/Ls  uzic^kt  lie  sus/zectedf  if 
ui/citten  uiitlz  JPnk  entirely.  sunila/L  ta  uikat 
uie  use;  tint  tlze  mast  acute  and  delicate 
discernment  is  necessaty  in  tlzis  nzatteiL ;  far 
sanze  af  tke  \Llacki\  Jfnks  faHne/Llif  used 
uie/Le  lialile  ta  fade  and  decaij.,  and  a/Le  found 
ta  kaae  turned  fed,  ifellaui  aiL  jzale.  JDkase 
un/ze^fectians  aiLe  lzaLueneiL  iLcuLe  uz  manu- 
sc/ci/zts  /z^ia/L  ta  tke  te/ztk  centiuLjj.. 

"JDIzefe  is  a  metlzad  af  tLeaiain€f.  tke  uuLi- 
ti/iQ '/  Lut  tlzis  ejz/zedient  skauld  nat  lie 
kajafrted,  lest  a  sus/zician  af  deceit  nzajj. 
atLise,  and  tke  su/z/za/t  defzendedan  \Le\  last. 

"Golden  jfnk  mas  used  liif.  Lia/Liaus  na- 
tians,  as  maij.  lie  seen  in  Senegal  lili/ca/cies, 
and  in  tke  atLckines  af  ckiuLckes.      Silver 


THE   HISTORY  OF   IJTK.  25 


Jfnk  mas  also  common  in  nto&t  cautniMes.. 
Sled  Jfnk,  made  af  iiermilia/z,  cinnaLar,  or 
/zur/zle,  is  nerg.  frequently,  found  in  manu- 
scripts. ;  Lut  nane  are  found  mritten  entirely 
mith  ink  of  that  color.  JjJIze  ca/zital  letters, 
in  same,  aiLe  made  mith  a  kind  of  varnish, 
mhich  seems,  ta  lie  canzjzased  af  aeiLnziLian 
and  gum.  /jjLeen  Jfnk  mas.  rareLg.  used  in 
charters,  Lut  often  in  JEatin  manuscri/zts, 
es/zeciallg.  in  t/zase  af  the  tatted  ages.  J&he 
guardians  afttze  /^tLeek  emfzerars.  [or  rather 
the  £R.egents  af  the  ^m/zire]  made  use  of  zt 
zn  their  signatures,  till  the  latter  [the 
manarchs  during  minority]  Lecame  of  age. 
J^lue  or  fl^ellam  Jfnk  mas  seldom,  used  Lut 
in  manuscripts.  [///]  J3he  g.eLlam  has.  not 
Leen  in  use,  as.  far  as  me  can  learn,  for  six. 
hundred  gears. 

" jl/LetaLizc  and  at  he/-  characters  mere 
sometimes,  Lurnished.  jllfaji  mas  used  as 
a  aamish  kg  the  Latins  and  greeks,  Lut 
much  matLe  Lg.  the  latter,  uiith  udzanz  it 
cantznued  a  Lang.  tzme.  j£lhzs  canerzng.  of- 
nahzish  mas  zietHf  frequent  in  the  ninth 
centuftf.. 

"  Color.  JU/ze  color  of  Jfnk  is  of  no  qreat 
asszstance  z/z  authentzcatmg  manu  serif  1  is 
and  charters.  jDlzerc  is  in  mg  ULrczrg.  a  Lang 
roll  af  /za^chments,  at  the  head  of  mlzich  is 
a  Letter  that  mas  carried,  oner  the  greatest 
jzart  of  ffngLand    Lg.    turn  (tenant    monks, 


£6  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJ^TK. 


/Lecf.nestiny.  fiHiUfj^s.  for  JJlncia  de  flfefie, 
^oiuitess  of  (PjifotLd,  a  jiioiis  Lady.,  ul/io  died 
in  iitfCfy — uiko  had  formed  tlie  lionse  [oj~ 
co/iaent]  of  &ienninjg./zam  in  fpsseji,  and 
done  many.  ot/ie/L  acts,  of  /lietiy.  JDIiis  NuL 
consists,  of  many,  membranes  o/L  shins,  of 
/iajLcfiment  seuied  toyet/ieiL, — all  of  uihicft, 
ezice/it  t/iefuLst,  contain  ce/LtificatespLomtke 
different  /Leliqioas  /louses  tliat  tlie  taio 
monks  liad  nisited  tliem,  andtkat  theu.  Iiad 
otLde/Led  /i/Lay_etLs  to.  be  offered  uji  foiL  t/ie 
$anntess,  and  liad  entered  keyname  on  tlieuL 
bead- iLc lis.  Jft  is  obse/cLLable  tliat  time  liath. 
liad  aeiLy.  diffejLent  effects  on  tlie  llclHjdlUS. 
inks  iiiit/z  LLiliic/i  t/iese  certificates  uie/Le 
iajLitten.  <~Foj7ie  cuLe  as  fres/i  and  black,  as 
if  uiiLitten  yesterday.;  otlie/Ls  aiLe  ckanyed 
b/LooLn;  and  some  a/Le  of  a  lyelloui  line.  Jft 
may.  natn/cally  be  sa/z/iosed  tliat  tlieiLe  is  a 
yjLeat  ncu-iety  of  liandiw-itinqs  n/ion  tliis; 
but  tlie  fact  is  of/ieHitise,  for  t/tey  may  be 
deduced  to  tliiLee. 

" Jft  may  be  said  in  general,  tliat  black 
ink  of  tlie  seue/it/i,  eiq/it/i,  ninth,  and  tent/i 
centm-ieSy  at  Least  amony  tlie  ^fknyLo-£f anions, 
/i/Lese/~nes  its  original  blackness  \tlieiLeby 
meaning  tliat  its  "fofrn  liad  not  lost  all  its 
oi-iyinal  brightness  "  ]  hulcIi  bettetL  than  tliat 
of  succeeding  ayes, — not  enen  cxce/iti/iy  tlie 
SLDcteentli  and  seuenteent/i,  in  iidiic/i  it  nias 
frequently.  LLeiLy  bad.      Pale  ink  tuvLy  /~a/~ely_ 


cue  h:>ztzpt  of  tjtk.  27 

occlu-s  Lefai-e.  tlze  foju-  last  centiulesv  °— 
"  SJPetezL  $ani/zcu~ins,  3 h^ofessa/-  of  JtLecL- 
icuze  at  /Venice,  uufate  a  ciulo.as  Look  can- 
cehzuiQ.  -Ink.,  uJzzc/z  is  nam  scarce,  t/zanq./z 
tlzeiLe  is  cziz  editiojz  of  it  /z/Luzted  i/z  J£a/zda/i, 
ui  ibbOy  qdLCU~ta.  Jllze  title  is — De  Atra- 
mentis  cujuscunque  generis  opus  sane  novum. 
Hactenus  a   nemine  promulgatum.      [A  work 

ACTUALLY  XEW,  COXCERXIXG  IXKS  OF  EVERY KIXD 
WHATSOEVER— HITHERTO  PUBLISHED  BY  XO  OAT.] 

JDIzis  LLLQj-k  is.  divided  into,  slu  Jiavts.  ID  lie 
first  treats  £.enevallij.  of  Jnks  nzczde  pLo.m 
Pyrites,  [sid/z/uu-ets.  of  iftui  and  cofzjzeiLf\ 
stojies  cuzd  metals.  JDIze  second  treats  moj-e 
/zcuticulavlij.  o.f  -Inks  made  p-ojiz  nzetals 
a/zd  Calxes.  \_4flettei~  saij.  calces,  ojl,  ta  s/zeak 
clzemiccilLij.,  crystallised  salts  de/irived  of 
t/zeii-  ((m.ateiL  of  crij.stallijatiojz/^  o_r  ccu-Lloizic 
acid,  Ljj.  tlze  actio/z  af  lzeatP[ — JDIze  third 
treats  af.  Jfnh  made  fro.m  so.ots  a/id  vitriols. 
— JDIze  fourth  treats  af  tlze  different  kinds 
af.Jfnhs.  nsed  Lij.  t/ie  librarii  or  /10.0k:- ivilte/^s, 
\_/zro.fessio.nal  scribes  or  co./zjj.ists  af  mann- 
scrijits  Lefoj-e  tlze  invention,  of  t/ie  art  of 
/P rintuzq^  as  /veil  as  bjj.  jirinters.  and  en- 
q  rave/%  and  af  staining  (or  /v.ritinq.  ufian) 
marLle,  stucco,  of-  scaqliola,  and  of  ENCAUS- 
TIC modes  of  ivj-zlmq  ;  as  also,  of  liquids 
far  /zainlinq  or  coloruzq  af  leat/ier,  clot/zs 
made  of  Linen  or  uiaal,  and  for  rcstorinq 
inks   that   have  hern   defaced   luf    tune,    as 


28  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


likeiaise  trzanij.  methods  of  effacing  uiriiing. 
— restoring  decaged  hjCLfief* — and  af  aariaus 
modes  af  secret  wetting. — J3he  fifth  fzart 
treats,  of  Jfnks  fat-  uiHting,  made  in  differ- 
ent cauntrzes,  af  aarzous  materials,  and 
colors, — as.  from  gzzms,  moods,  thej.uice  af 
ftlanisi,  Sic,  and  alsa  af  different  kinds,  af 
aarnishes. — J^J/ze  sixth  jzart  treats  af  tke 
aarzaus  a/zeratzons  af  e,xtractiaq.  aitrial, 
and  of  its  chemical  uses. 

"J3f/zis  mark  aliaunds  mitlza  great  uarietg 
af  fzhilasofzhical,  chemical  and  historical 
knomledge,  and  mill  gme  great  entertain- 
ment to.  tfzase  ui/za  uiish  far  information  an 
t/zis  sulgecl. 

" jMjang.  curiaLLS  jzarticidars  concerning 
Jfnkuiill  La  found  in  u  Weckervs  de  Secretis." 
(SPrinted  at  J^asLe,  in  ibf'S,  octana.) — 
Jjfhis  gentleman  alsa  gines  receijzts  for 
making  Jfnks  af  tke  color  of  /(jald  and 
£PilwEr}  coirz/zased  as  mell  uutfi  those  mate- 
rials as  mithaut  them, — also,  directions  far 
making  a  uarietg  of  Jfnks  far  secret  uirz- 
ting,  and  far  defacing,  af  \effaci/zg~]  Jfnks. 
JjJheiLe  are  mang  nzaraelaus  particulars  in 
this  last  mark,  mhich  mill  not  easilg  gazn 
credit  uiith  the  pzdiciaus  jzart  af  mankind." 

JWJe  haac  chosen  to  giae  jtliL.  Jostle's 
/zarag/La/zhs  on  this  subject,  entire,  "  /zure 
and  sim/zLe,"  (uuifi  no  corrections  or  alter- 
ations, eJLcejzt  as  to  a  fern  /zartic/zlars  in 


THE  HISTORY  OF  INK.  29 


s/zelli/zg.,  /zu/zctuatiojz,  Sic.,)  including  same 
unnecessa/Hf  fojLnzaL  nefiliiage, — instead  af 
emliadjj.inq.  fits,  facts.  and  aLsefiaatians  in  au/L 
amn  Language  /life  shall  da  Lkemise  mith 
athetL  authors  mhase  Looks  me  use  in 
this  mojLk,  as  the  most  effectual  maij.  af 
frilling,  each  af  them  due  credit  fojL  thei^ 
Senegal  discaaefiies  and  statements,  and,  at 
the  same  tune,  securing  an/-  am.izj.ust  claims 
ta  mhat  aie  herein  jzfiesent  as  af  auJr  amn 
discanefiif  afi-  /z^aductiojz.  J^u£  me  mill  cj'me 
na  credit  to_  a  mefie  cairzjzilefi  ojl  /zlatgiafiist. 

jl/Lfi.  ^fLstLe  uias  kee/ze^  of  the  ancient 
3LecatLds  af  the  fpizqjls.h  /^omefozment  in  the 
J^ome^  af  ^Eandan,  and  thus  e/zf.aij.ed  ejctfia- 
afidinafijf  facilities  fatc  ascertaining  such 
facts,  and  making  such  aLsefiaatzons  as  he 
furnishes  in  his  aeiHf  useful,  uztetLestuiQ,  and 
elec^antlif  illustrated  Lao^k.  ^fLs  la.  uihat  he 
sags  {in  his  seventh  /zafiagfia/zh)  aliout  the 
inejz/zediencg  of  "  hazarding. )}  anif  effort  ta, 
fieaine  mfiitinfg  udzich  has  faded  ojl  Lecame 
dleigiLle,  ffiam  featL  af  "  a  susjziciaiz  af  de- 
ceit,"— the  cautia/z  must  of  course  lie  Limited 
to.  cases  mhefie  the  mafids  jz^ajzased  ta  Le 
restated  ta  leigiLilitij.  heme  iLcfetLence  ta  same 
question  of  dis/zuted  title,  ojl  other  matter 
in  lit  ligation  or  coutfianefisg^  jHiL.  ^fkstle 
mauld  not  hane  hesitated  (czng.  mafic  than 
^fkncjela  jllaz}  ta  use  auif  /zassdle  /zfiacess 
far  the  restoration  of  a  palimpsest  ma/zu- 


30  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


sa-i/zt  of  a  lang-Iasi  uiof/e.  of  $Lc.efia  a/~ 
S£LiU£.}  ojl  af  arzif  document  uwf-th  the  LclLoj- 
and  the  time  Requisite  to^  teniae  the  Letters. 
<?>  tead  them.  jltiL.  jlstte's  slight  lafzse  af 
jzeiz  ai~  mind,  in  stating  (eighth  fzcLHJ^cUhh.) 
t/iat  "^lue  afL  jj.ellaui  ink  uias  seldom  used 
e^ce/zt  in  manuscripts"  fetnlnds,  us  af  J^aa/z 
[UfeLste^ 's  Reason,  giaeiz  i/z  the  fii-st  edition 
af  his  cf_LLCZiLta  dicfianaML,  fatL  tlze  use  af  tlze 
ui.aiLdu Jftand"  instead  af  u '  Jf stand"  Lii^.., 
that  tlze  tutted  s/zelli/zg  uias  a  found  a/zlif  in 
koalas. n  ^Pe^lzajzs  tlze  LLenetLaLte  ^/ltiL.  ^ftstle 
uiauld  have  Lee/z  as.  much,  astonished  ta 
leaHz  that  Ize  hzmself  Izctd  aiuLCUfS.  uu-ztteiz 
manusc/ci/zt,  ailze/zetiefL  Ize  jzut  fzeiz  ta  /za/zet~} 
as  tlze .  Bourgeois  Gentilhomme,  in  jt/Loliei-e' s 
comedy  mas  ta  leahz  t/zat  Ize  "had  keen 
s/zeakiiiQ  jztLo_se  all  his  life." 

^/L  cam/za^atuieltf  decent  author  (gia.es  tlze 
fatlo-uii/zg.  as  tlze  sum.  and  suLstance  af  Izis 
knauiledge  ojz  this  division  af  tlze  sulifect 
of  autL  liaa.k. 

ODa^k-cata^ed  Liqjuids  utetHe.  used  ta  stain 
letters  /z/Letdaushj.  e/zg^atLed  ojz  same  ha/cd 
suLstance,  long.  Lefa^e  theg.  utet-e  irzade  ta 
fiaLLL  in  tlze  calamus  a/-  JLen  fa/~  fa/fning 
them  on  a  smooth  surface;  and  tlze  Chinese 
made    tlzeuL  (( Jfndian   Jfuk.  "  in  the    same 


THE   HISTORY  OF   IJTK.  81 


manned  as  /zomi,  ii SO  ifea/Ls  liefo^e  tke 
$ktListian  $/Aa;  kilt,  onltj.  ased  it,  at  tkat 
time.,  to  Llacken  incised  cka^acte^sSl]  Jfnk 
aias  teamed  luf  tke  ancient  ^Eatin  aatkoJ-s 
atramentum  scriborium^  a&  librarium,  ta  dis.- 
tinQuisk  it  p~onz  atramentum  sutorium  o^  cal- 
chantum.  l}t  mas.  made,  of  tke  saat  of 
/cesin,  or  /zaunded  cka^coal,  and  otke^  salt- 
stances,  irzijaed  LuLtk  Qawz,  and  not,  Like 
otz^s,  af  ait^ioL,  Qall-nuts,  alairz,  Sic.  JDke 
easiest  /zositine  mention  of  ink  is  jze^kafzs. 
tke  frassac^e  in  jfe^emiak,  in  tke  [If nictate, 
"  Ego  scribebam  in  volwnine,  atra?nento."^ 

^Jf£etLe  ate  might  add,  aiitkoat  featL  of  co/z- 
h-adictiojz,  tkat  Ink  is  still  extensiaelif  used 
ta  u  Llacken  ckaiLactefls,"  uiitkoat  ^egaHl  ta 
tke  de/ztk  of  tke  incision.  [2]  j3ke  s/zecimen 
of  tke  (pnglisk  langnage  aikick  uie  q_aate, 
is  not  fanltless;  and  tke  Latin  is  eaieciLalile. 
JUkeiLe  is,  no  sack  lllqjlcL  as  scriborium  in  any. 
Langaage,  ancient  ojl  niodehz.  jKke  ata- 
mans called  la^iti/zg-ink  atramentum  scripto- 
rum,  [3]  This  is  a  aeHj.  /zaltty  jziece  of  Jze- 
danttLif.  /Why.  caald  not  this.  autkotL  (uzha 
skoois  tkat  ke  do.es  not  ande^stand  Latin,) 
giae  as  the  tejit  in  fpnglisk  f  J3ke  jzassage 
is  in  _feiLemiak,  c/za/z.  xxxvi,  ne/-se  18  :  (i  JP 
LLaLote  tkem  aiitk  Ink  uz  a  Lo_ok."  JHke 
onlif  otkcjL  iLcfeiLences  in  tke  Id^iLle  to  Ink, 
atLe  tke  folio/ aing :  2  ffoj-inikians.,  Ill,  3  : 
"  iutLitte/z  not  udtk  Ink,  Lnt  tke  sfwHt"     2 


32                     THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 
4  

jfo/zn,  xii:  "  Jp  ULQiilcL  uuHte  ic'lLIl  jzafz.er 
(lilcL  Ink."  3  Jpokn,  xiii  :  "  Jp  had  nia/UL 
tlziizc^s  to  uirite,  Lot  JP  ullLL  not  lulffi  Ink.9 
ffyekieL,  IX,  2:  "with,  a  niriter's  ink-lzorn  Ljj. 
/ils.  aide." 

z^old  Liquids,  and  also  sillier,  /iLir/i/e, 
red,  careen,  arid  Line  in/us,  mere  eaentuallif 
nsed  in  ma/ZLiscri/zts  after  t/ze  floiuLtlz  cen- 
tiLty., — fed  and  Qcld  liaulnc^  Lee/ z  em/doz^ed 
m/zc/z  ear/ier.  £Ft.  Jf'erojne  s/zeaks  of  ric/z 
decorations,  m/zzc/z  nztzst  Izaue  been  executed 
mit/z  colored  znks;  lint,  Lefore  Izis  time, 
(fjnid  alludes  not  an/if.  to.  t/ze  /inr/i/e  charta, 
made  use  of  for  fuze  Loo./ns,  m/iic/i  mere 
also,  tinned  mit/z  an  oil  dramn  from  cedar- 
mood,  to_  jireserae  t/zem,  lint,  also  ta  titles 
mritten  in  ted  ink,  ai/zzc/z  mere  t/ze  fhLst 
kind  of  ilLnminations.  SI  lie  jzassac^e  accuses. 
bz  /lis  fuLst  elegif,  " ^fld  iLzliHurz:" 

'-'  Nee  te  purpureo  velent  vaccinia  succo  ; 
Non  est  conveniens  luctibus  We  color. 
Nee  titulus  minio,  nee  cedro  charta  notetur . 
Candida  nee  nigra  cornua  f  route  geras." 

JD/ze  Last  line  jiTxudn^,  as  ^aslejj.  aLseriz.es, 
t/zat  (!)  aid  uuLote  a/zo/i  a  roll. 

J3fhis.  antlzor,  not  lianinc^  Lee/z  kind 
enonc^lz  to.  translate  (Duld  for  ns,  me  are 
com/zeLLed  to  do  it  for  Izun.  JDIzzs  u  <fi/eg/j.  " 
of  t/ze  /zo.et  is  addressed  " JDa  Ills  IJ^ook  ;v 
and  t/ze  foLLominQ  niords  contai/z  t/ze  mean- 
i/i/j.  of  t/ze  four  Lines  aLone  quoted: 


THE   HISTORY  OF  IJTK.  88 


Nor  shall  huckleberries  stain  [literally,,  veil]  thee  with  purple  juice : 

That  color  is  not  becoming  to  lamentations. 

Nor  shall  title  (or  '*  head-letter^  )  be  marked  with  vermilion,  or 

paper  with  cedar, 
Thou  shalt  carry  neither  white  nor  black  horns  on  thy  forehead 

(or  front,  or  frontispiece). 


The  word  "huckleberries,"  we  have  rightly  spelled  here.  The  dictionaries  gene- 
rally are  wrong  in  spelling  the  word  "  whortleberry  "  Huckleberry,  or  Hockle  berry, 
is  found  in  the  kindred  languages  of  Northern  Europe. 


0)i/zlamas  uiefte  seldom.  uiHtten  in  c^ald 
aft  colafted  inks;  Lut  sanze  chafttefts  of  the 
/^eftnzan  {pnrjze^afts  Czfte  knojiuz,  not  anlif.  in 
QaLd,  Lut  an  fat/file  ueilurrt ;  and  J£eukfeld 
mentions  ane  oftheifeaft  Cf1  £ ,  ahzanzented 
also  uiitk  fi^uftes;  uihile  Senegal  eaftlif 
/publish  charters,  hane  qoLcL  initial  lettefts, 
cftasses,  Sic.  JHhe  LLack  Ink  that  has  ke/zt 
its.  coloft  Lest,  Liz  mediaenal  manuscfti/zts,  is 
tkat  used  fftanz  the  te/zt/z  ta  tke  thirteenth. 
centLUty.  J3he  sic^natuftes  af  t/ze  fp  astern 
{pnzjzefto_fts  afte  ffteq^uentlij.  in.  fted  ink. 

ffialofted  inks  uiefte  canznzan  in  mediaeuaL 
maizLLScftijzts, — the  fted  Leinc^  nzast  usual  fo  ft 
titles,  uihich  has  a^iaen  ftise  ta  the  teftnz 
Rubric.  J3he  mftitefts  af  Laaks  (that  is.,  the 
co/ztfists;)  often  a/z/zended  thecft  nanzes  ta 
the  end  af  the  uiaftk}  c^eneftallif  in  ink  af  a 
different  coloft  fftanz  that  of  the  Ladtf  af 
the  uiaftk}  stating  the  tune  and  jtlace  in 
uihich  the  taaftk  mas  executed. 


34-  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


J3fa  tills,  nuau.  Le  added,  mit/z  adaaritac^e, 
same.  uzstructme  account  of 

Willi  miMMMlS, 

m/zase   /itstar^f.    is    closely,   connected,   ta   a 
£jLeat  extent,  mlt/z  t/zat  af  mritinQ  fluids. 

JDIze  tpcyj/ztlan,  and  all  ct/zer  oriental 
and  ancient  scrlLes,  mlza  innate  u/zan  stone, 
em/zlaij.ed  (of  course)  same  Instrument  simi- 
lar in  character  ta  the  chisel  af  our  modern 
tamli-stane  cutters,  or  monument  letteTers. 
Sfa  mith  the  /greeks  and  Shamans,  uzritina 
an  surfaces  of  maji  or  mood,  t/ze  Insiru- 
ments  uieTe  t/ze  tjra/zhlum,  or  cfhf/zhetan, 
{t/ze  c^ratier,)  and  t/ze  stilus,  ojl  caelum,  all 
of  steel  at*-  if  an.  flUJhen  t/ze  use  af  a  dark- 
colored  liquid  ar  Ink  mas  introduced,  there 
arose  a  necessity  far  instruments  af  nerjj. 
different  material,  and  threat  fleaillitlltjj.,  in 
a/z/zasitian  ta  t/ze  unifleldlnc^  rigiclitif  af  t/ze 
tools  /zrenlausLif.  enzJzloij.ed.  ^Jlzen  mere 
Indented  t/ze  fuLst  Im/zlements  /zra/zerlif 
called  SPens,  or  reallij.  resenzLllnq.  m/zat  me 
so  denominate  and  use.  SJ/zese  mere  uizl- 
aersallif  made  af  nec^eta/ile  materlaL,  a^ram- 
l/zQ  in  t/ze  tuLular  farm,  af  canaenlent 
sl^e,  as  t/ze  calamus,  ai'undo,  juncus,  and,  In 
general  terms,  t/ze  smaller  stems  af  iiariaus 
jzlants  called  "reeds"  and  "rushes"  In 
{publish,      fllfe  hane  ab-eadjj.  mentioned  t/ze 


THE   HISTORY  OF   IJTK.  35 


uniform  enzjzLoiynzent  af  the  hair-fzencil,  or 
LHLs.k}  luf.  the  $hirzes&,  from  the  mast  an- 
cient tune.  af  their  uiritiny.  Si  he  quill,  ar 
feafheT-fzen,  lllcls  Introduced  during,  the 
fourth  centiuHf. 

fWe.  haae  alluded  ta  the  palimpsest  manu- 
scri/zts.  3 his  is,  the  term  a/z/zlied  ta 
jzarchnzents  that  haae  keen  tuiice  uiritten 
u/zaiz, — the  fi/^st  iiLritmg.  Leing.  effaced  ta 
make  room,  fa/-  the  second.  ([During,  the 
period  cam.man.La  called  "the  dark  ag.es/' 
the  monks  and  tithed  scriLes,  co/zgists  a.r 
Look- makers,  mere  in  the  ha/iit  af  effacing, 
the  letters  pLam  aid  manuscripts,  in  order 
ta  make  a  clean  surface  fat*-  a  neui  uiriting^. 
Jfn  this  iiLOif.  uias  caused  the  de/zlaralile 
destruction  of  an  immense  and  an  inestim- 
alilg  naluaLle  amount  of  ancient  literature, 
af  /^.reek  and  Slairzan  history.,  /zaet/Hf,  elo- 
quence and  /zhilasa/zhg,  merely,  ta  make 
roam  far  mass-Laaks,  and  other  marks  af 
stufzid  sujzerstitian  and  mis-directed  deao- 
tion,  or,  af  scholastic  thealo<gg.  and  /zhila- 
sa/zhg, nauL  long.  agra  uniaersallg  condemned 
and  ejtjzladed.  fll^Lthin  the  jzast  and  pres- 
ent generation,  hauieoer,  the  learned  uiarld 
has  lieen  delighted  lg  the  sur/zrising.  recan- 
ertf  af  same  af  these  lo/zg-last  treasures, 
through  the  skilful  and  ingenious  laliatls  af 
the  deservedly  famaus  Cardinal  ^fkngelo 
Jl/Lai,  and  athetLs,  uihose  researches  i/z  the 


3  6  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


ULraries  of  £liome,  j/f/llan,  SPadua,  J^a/zles, 
Florence,,  and  other-  cities,,  hane  resulted 
in.  the  restoration  of  inestimaLlij.  jzrecious 
uiritinc^s,  thus  ftartialhj.  obliterated  or 
oLscured. 

J^rande's  QI)  ictionari^  of  ^Literature, 
SPcience,  and  ^ffrt,  chines  a  Lrief  summarLf 
of  t/ze  same  general  facts,  in  t/ze  article 
"SPalinz/zsest. " 

JDhe  fullest  and  most  elaborate  ejz/zosi- 
tian  of  t/ze  comjzosition  and  manufacture 
af  Jfnk  ui/zic/z  me  future  Leen  aLle  to  fuzd, 
homelier,  is  in  t/ze  cereal  French  "  0)iction- 
aire  des  ^ffrts  et  j//Lanufactures,}>  Lij.  an 
association  of  distinguished  savans,  in  tuio. 
aolum.es,  im/zerial  octano,  IParis,  i  $53, 
article,  encre. 

J^ut,  of  all  articles  and  treatises  on  t/ze 
subject,  ulIzlc/z  uie  fzane  examined,  tfiat  in 
t/ze  ffiiglislz  SPenng  ^i^clo/ media  lias  t/ze 
merit  of  containing,  if  not  t/ze  Lest  and 
longest  account,  a  nerif.  Qood  and  satisfac- 
tory one, — Lecause  it  expresses  all  t/ze 
essential  facts  in  t/ze  feuiest  and  Lest-chosen 
Lecause  jfzerfectljj.  intellic^iLle  uiords.  yfs 
uie  do  not  attemjit  to  furnish,  a  text-Look 
for  ink-manufacturers,  uie  do.  not  transcriLe 
in  full,  or  translate,  from  t/iese  and  other 
uiorks  of  c^reat  nalue  on  t/iis  suLfect. 

JDhat  modern  inks  do  not  resist  t/ze 
decom/zosing.    and    destructine    JLOULeT    of 


THE   HISTORY  OF   IJTK.  87 


c/zenzlcal  accents.  (uiketfzeiL  acids,  alkalies, 
saline  Ladles.  atc  eLeinents,)  as  uiell  as  t/ze 
ancient  Inks,  is  t/ze  Result  af  a  necesslttj. 
ejilstuzQ  Liz  tlzebL  LLei1^  canz/zasltla/z  a/zcl 
inaentian,  aizcL  eaen  ui  t/ze  use  fp/  uifzLcfz 
t/zeif  uieiLe  designed,  and  ta  uiklc/z  tlzeij.  atLe 
ajzfzHed.  ^/L  dye  (Like  niadehz  ink)  is  t/ze 
Result  af  c/zenzlcal  actlan,  aizd  Is  tlzeiLefaiLe 
su.Lj.ect  ta  c/zenzlcal  tLe-a£eizts;  jj_et,  uilzen 
uiell  irzade,  it  is  jziLaaf  against  nzec/zunlcal 
actlan,  sllcIz  as  masking,  HlLLuzq,  and 
saLajzuzo^;  izojl  can  it  Le  iLemau.ed  ffojiz  /za/ze/L 
ta  uifziclz  it  is  a/z/zlled,  niit/zaat  desttLaij.iizay 
t/iat  nzate/clal,  atL  rendering,  t/iat  jzaiLt  af  it 
/zfcacticallif  useless.  ^^t,  an.  t/ze  at/zeiL 
Izand,  t/ze  ancient  Inks,  ui/zlc/z  Resist  all 
c/zenzlcal  /z/cacesses,  can.  Le  iLenzau.ed  Llj. 
nzec/zanlcal  actlan,  saclz  as  Izas  Leen  nanzed. 
Jjf  a  neuL  Ink  uieiLe  cam/zaunded  af  t/ze  tuia, 
/zassesslnQ  t/ze  Lest  /z^a/ze^tles  af  eaclz,  any 
uiHtlnq.  executed  uilt/z  It  cauld  Le  effaced 
Llj.  t/zej.alnt  ojl  successuie  actiaa  af  nzeclia- 
nlcal  and  c/zenzlcal  a/z/zllcatlans. 

Jft  must  Le  Lohze  In  mind  t/zat  t/ze 
ancient  inks  Izad  ane  use  foiL  ul/llc/z  lai^tinq. 
Ink  Is  nam.  neu_etc  /Cequil/Led;  and  lliat  utas 
in  nzaklnq.  Laaks,  a/c  multl/zlrf.LiLQ  ca/zies  af 
nzanuscH/zts  Indefinitely  fa/L  general  reading, 
atL publication.  J3f/ze  Inaentian  and  uulaez-sal 
enz/zlaifnzeizt  af  t/ze  aiLt  af  /ziLlntlnQ  lias 
uJzaltjj-  done  auiaij.  ud/fi  that. 


88  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


(Df  Indelible  Inks,  aJ-  t/zase  used  fa^ 
mw^kinQ.  faliHcs  af  cattail,  Linen,  Sic,  fa/L 
t/ze  identificatian  af  auine/Ls/zi/z,  it  is.  not 
necessaiLif  ta  c^ine  an/j.  jza/LticulcuL  desc/Li/z- 
tian.  jDlze'uL  a/cdina/Hf  canz/zasitian  is.  aeity 
c^ene/Lalljj.  unde^staad  ta  lie  a  salutian  af 
nitrate  af  sitae/-,  atL  same  siirzilaiL  caustic, 
a/z/zlied  uiitlz  a  fzen  af  /z/cafze/L  irzatetLial,  ta 
a  JzatLtian  af  t/ze  surface  af  t/ze  cLotlz,  uifzic/z 
Jzas  lieen  /z/ceuiausljj_  /z/^e/za/^ed  liif  t/ze  all- 
sa/L/ztzan  af  a  Qunznzij.  aiL  nzucilac^inaus 
fluid  d/Lied  u/zaiz  it  undetL  /ztLessiuLe. 

Sympathetic  Inks  atce  fluids  enzjzlaLj.ed 
in.  calatLuzQ  d/Lauii/zQS  nzade  fatL  lzaiLLaic 
anzusenzeizt,  a/L  t/ze  dinetLsian  af  children 
andifaut/z.  ^fLs,  fa/L  instance,  a  landsca/ze 
d/Lauin  uz  a^dinai^  cala/Ls  uiitlz  a  uii/zi/^ 
as/zect,  claudLf  atL  sanzluLe  skif,  snaui  aiz  t/ze 
Qfaund,  and  Leafless  t^ees,  if  ftfahjefJif 
tauc/zed  uiit/z  SLf/rz/zat/zetic  inks,  mill,  at 
any.  tiirze,  ui/zen  luLauc^/zt  neaiL  a  fi^e,  aiL 
at/zeHaise  sulifected  ta  a  certain  dec^tLee  af 
uiaiLnztlz,  clzanQe  ta  t/ze  Izues  af  siurznzeiL, 
t/ze  skjj.  liecanziizQ  af  a  clea/L  lilue,  t/ze  tiLees 
in  full  failure,  and  t/ze  tu/Lf  Pick  uiitlz 
<Q/Lass,  eac/z  uiitlz  its  a/z/z/La/ziLiate  s/zade  af 
neiLdufLe,  as  alsa  flauie/Ls  af  tlze'uL  LiatLiaus 
natural  cala/%  Sic. ,  accaiLdinQ  ta  t/ze  fancjj. 
af  t/ze  aiLtist,  t/ze  ui/zale  disa/z/zea^inc^  as 
t/ze  /ziclu/ce  g/Lauis  cald.  J3f/ze  c/zlatLide,  t/ze 
nitrate,  t/ze  acetate,  and  t/ze  sul/z/zate  af 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK.  39 


caLaLt,  fahrz  sifnz/zat/zetic  inks., — tke  fuLst, 
liLue,  and  (uiitfz  tke  addition  af  nickel,) 
<Q/Leen  ;  tke  second,  fed.  $lzLaiLide  af  cafzfzeiL 
QLu.es.  a  QanzLaQe  jj_eLLazu;  LiLam.ide  af  cajz- 
fzeiL,  a  fuze  Hc/z  LtLauin. 

^Eette^s  LiuLLtteiz  uuitk  a  saLtLtian  af  ace- 
tate af  lead,  atLe  uzu.LS.LLLe  luztLL  eji/zased  ta 
tke  action  af.  sizL/zkcocetted  kj^d^ac^eiz,  tukick 
makes,  t/zeirz  distinct,  Luitk  tke  LllsL^olls 
^eifis/z  LLack  af  SLzLjzlzu^et  af  Lead,  tlze  sairze 
snLstance  mkick  is  caLLed  QaLena  tuketz  it 
acciztLs  as  Lead-afe.  ^fL  uieak  inftzsian  af 
QaLLs  asc  atfzetL  ue^etaliLe  ast^in^ent,  uiLLL,  if 
a/z/zLied  ta  fzafze^  in  tlze  fahrz  af  Letters, 
Lecanze  Leg^iliLe  uikeiz  iaucked  luit/z  anjj. 
solution  af  i^an.  J?f  buHtten  zuitk  a  sola- 
tLa/z  af /kt^a-cifanide  a^/zatask,  Letters  uuLLL 
/Letrzain  inuisilde  until  taizc/zed  uiit/z  a  salu- 
tLa/z  af  SLLLjzkate  af  i^aiz. 


mmmmm  m  mm  ihk. 

^fkstLe  sjzeaks  ue/Hf.  inz/ziLessiueli£  cuzd 
J.LLstlzf.  aiz  t/zis  fzaint;  and  uie  cantfLiLizte  ta 
t/zis  /za/t  af  aiz^  sizli^ect  Ltj.  calling  attention 
ta  facts  abrzast  daily.  accu/c/Li/zg,  aiL  li^ouc^kt 
to,  notice  in  t/zis  cauntty.,  es/zeciall^  in  tlze 
aLdetL  cztLes  and  states,  iuke/Le  tanuz-iLecaiLds, 
/zatLisk-iLeqristeiLs,  and  atkei-  dacunzents  of 
ancient  date,   and  af  high.  im/zaiLtaizce  in 


40  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


kistarjj.,  ckranalocfif,  and  cfezzea/agjj.,  (as 
melt  as.  in  regard  ta  tke  title  and  inkerit- 
ance  of  estates,)  aiLe  found  obscizTed  and 
obliterated,  causing  lasses,  jzizblic  and  /uri- 
nate, t/iat  need  lint  ta  he  mentioned  ta  lie 
/zro/zerljj.  estimated. 

Jfn  tke  a/z/zendix  mill  lie  faiind  a  fac- 
simile of.  a  slzeet  ll/zojz  nilziclz  narions  sjze- 
curzens  of  ink  mere  t/zoraiig/zlij.  and  fairly, 
tested,  m/zic/z  is  a  brief  lint  em/zlzatic  de- 
monstration of  a  difference  of  qualities  bjj. 
difference  of  results. 

J?Ja  sIzoul  iidzat  can  lie  done  in  t/ze  jzre- 
sernation  of  airitincf  an  material  enen 
frailer  t/zan  sack  jzajzer  as  me  em/zloif,  me 
need  lint  jzroAizce  tke  s/zecimen  of  <jpc$jjjztian 
uiritinQ.  on  /za/zjjjcus,  /zranoiz/zced  litf  $kam- 
fzallian  to  kane  liee/z  executed  mojLe  t/zan 
sixteen  kandred  (Y&OO)  if  ears  lief  ore  tke 
liirtk  of  $krist,  Lf-et  still  in  jzreser nation 
and  Legible,  as  maif  lie  seen  laf  tke  repre- 
sentation me  gine  of  it. 

JDkis  is  undoubtedly  as  old  as  anif  s/ze- 
cimen of  jzkonetic  ckaracters  or  mritten 
letters  {jLe/zresent incf  sounds,  not  ideas  or 
objects,)  extant,  made  lijj.  marking  initk  a 
fluid  ii/zo/z  anif.  substance.  SJ/zere  are  zn- 
scri/ztians  of  letters  n/zon  stone,  for  m/zzc/z 
an  earlier  date  of  4000  ueaTs.  J^.  $.,  is 
clainzed  mitk  triztlz.  J^nt  tkis  is  ixk- 
mriting,  absolutely.  3300  i/.ears  old/ 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK.  41 


JD/ze  Chinese  assent  that  t/zeif  had  the 
atLt  af  uiHtuiQ  at  a  jze^iad  gCfSO  ifeaSs. 
LefaiLe  $kfiist;  Lut  thejj.  haae  na  ^eca^ds  atL 
nzan.LUize.izts.  af  tfzat  date;  aizd  thei^  chaiLac- 
te^s  eaeiz  ta  t/ze  /z^esent  time,  aiLe  entire 
mai^ds,  ^ejz^esent'uzQ^  akj.ects}  ideas.  a/L  things, 
not  sounds.  Jfn  t/ze  atf:  af  /z/<i/ztin<£,  theif 
fz^etend  ta  haae  Receded  t/ze  $iuLa/iea/z 
nations  aliout  £JfOO  ifeaiLs,  dating.  theuL 
indention  af  it  fLam  t/ze  teizt/z  centuty 
LefoiLe  ^Iz^ist.  J^Ltt  t/zeif  haae  neaet1-  ad- 
aanced  lieif.and  t/ze  fitLst  fahiz  af  t/ze  aH: — 
tetters  eizQiLaned  ajz  solid  uwoden  LLacks — 
t/ze  ae/Hf  met/zad  i/z  use  luf  Jf£asteiL}  and  /lis 
associates,  Luztit  t/ze  inaentian  af  maaealile 
ttf/zes  Lif.  jfalzn  /^xuzsfleisclz,  at/zetcuiise 
named  jfa/z/z  /(^utenlietQ  a/c  /^uttemLeiQ, 
in  7 J4.35.  JfJn  liatlz  cults>  inciting,  and 
juLintuz^  alike,  t/ze  $lzinese  haae  Remained 
stiff  salid  and  immaaaLle  at  t/ze  fuLst  stejz, 
Ltiit/z  t/ze  characteristic  luzc/zan^ealiilitij.  af 
t/ze  Lfe/laui  tLaces  of  fpaste&n  ^ftsia,  sa  a/i/ia- 
site  ta  t/ze  indefinitely.  /z/Lac(JAessiae  and  self- 
imfz^aninQ  enetyxj.  of  the  nations  lakase 
jz^ac^enita&s  jzi^aceedeci  taest  fiLam  the  o/ll- 
O^inaL  source  and  centre  ofl/ie  earth's  /za/zu- 
latian.  JH/ze  same  ink  seHies  the  Chinese 
Lath  fa/c  twLitin£.  and  /u-mtinQ,  as  does 
the  same  kind  af  /za/ze/~.  ^7/us  ink  thejj. 
inaented  aliaut  the  end  of  the  fust  centiuLtj. 
af  the   $hiListian  eiLa  ;  hefaH*.   /a  kick   time 


4^  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


theif  ui^ate  an  Laa^ds  a/L  LamLaas.  ^f£anin^ 
next  jz^aceeded  ta  the  use  af  silken  cloth 
fatL  these  /ziuc/zases,  the  /ziLe/zaiLatian  af 
jzafzeiL  pLom  that  material  natiuLallif  fol- 
laiued.  j3f/zeitL  ink,  Leing.  cajLLanaceous  and 
oleaginous,  is,  of  course,  {Like  t/zat  af  tlze 
fpQLf/ztlans  and  all  tlze.  athe/L  ancients,) 
unfading,  and  unalterable  liif  chemical 
agencies,  though  ca/zaLle  af  lieinQ.  effaced 
atL  obscured  Ltf  niatejHj.  afz/zllcatlans  a^ 
ex/zasiuLe. 

jis  ta  theuL  claim  af  hanuzc^  invented  tlze 
aiLt  af  jz^intinc^,  me  s/iall  Izaae  something 
ta  saif  heiLeaftetL. 

jDhe  ^/l^tecs  (in  jtiex.ica,  LefaiLe  tlze 
c-Fjzanislz  discone/cif.  and  conquest,)  exten- 
SLLieljj.  em/ilaifed  a  /zictutLe-uuLitinQ,  as  a 
means  af  ^ecai^dinQ.  eaents,  du^ina^  a  JzetLiad 
not  exceeding  tuia  centiuLies  before  t/zat 
ejzaclz.  JDhei^  had  tlze  cuLt  af  nzaiULfactiu-- 
inq.  materials  as  a  basis  af  sack  ui^itinQ, 
pcanz  tlze  Agave  aiL  ^/lme/cica/i  cdae,  and 
pLam  cotton,  in  tlze  fahrz  of  a  u.eiLij_  fuze 
clat/z.  JDIzeij^  also  used  /zfLeJzatLed  skins  far 
the  same  /zu^/zase,  tlze  Lest  s/zecimens  af 
ulIzlcIz  cuLe  /vLanounced  ta  lie  ma/Le  beautiful 
than  the  finest  Liellum.  J±Jhe'uL  manuscri/zts 
mefLe  sometimes  done  u/z  in  rails  a/~  scrolls, 
and  frequently,  an  tablets,  in  the  form  of  a 
faldinc^-screen.  JDIzeir  inks  a/z/zear  ta  hane 
been  colari/uj  matters  in  uiaterjj.  solutions. 


THE   HISTORY   OF   IjYK.  43 


JU/ze  oldest  SPfzae/zicia/z  iizk-m/LitinQ  of 
mfziclz  ctfiLf  sjzecinze/z  has  liee/z  /zJ-ese^/ied, 
dates,  iza  Late/L  tkcuz  tfze  seca/zd  ce/ztuHf. 
liefa/Le  $/zjcist,   czizd   irzaiLf    lie    irzaclz    aide/-. 

^fL  fac-si/rziLe  of  a  fza/Ltia/z  of  it  mill  lie 
fazuzd  curzcuzQ.  olz/l  ilLust/^atia/zs,  ejz/zlai/zed 
liLf  /rates.  /LefeHLi/zc^  ta  eac/z  laf.  Its  /ZLz/7ztie/L. 

X^/Leek  /rza/zzisc/Li/zts  in.  i/zk.  (a/z  /za/zjjjcas) , 
of.  tfze  t/zu~d  ce/ztu/^jj.  liefojLe  $lz/List,  CL/Le  uz 
ejizs±e/zce.  /life  c^Liie  sjzecinze/zs  of  tfze  old- 
est h./zaui/Zf — a/ze  m/Lutte/z  in.  ^c^L^jzt,  SvO 
J^.  $.,  lieuzQ  a/z  a^de^  f/Lo/rz  (3)iasca/Lidesf  a/z 
affzcez-oft/ze^aneHzme/zt  of  SPtalemif  SP/zd- 
adeljzlzLLS,  ta  cuza±fze/L  izained  ($Ja/Liatz.  SJfze 
t/La/zsLatia/z  of  tfze  ma^ds  is  "  (H)  iasca/Lides 
ta  0)o/llo/z,  Q/leetuzQ.  (Dft/ze  Lette/Lto.  (S)ojllo/z 
tfze  ca/z/f  is  sulifai/zed. "  *  *  *  fWe.  add 
atfze/*-  s^jzecinze/zSy  of  tfze  sanze  a/zd  Late/L 
/ze/Liads. 

(Df  j£.a±i/z  ui/Liti/zQ  aiitfz  i/zkt  tfze  ecuLliest 
me  ca/z  fi/zd  is  tfze  /zaliirz/zsest  of  ^zce/La}s 
Laak,  <i(&)e  SHejzalilica"  m/zicfz  fzad  Lee/z 
/za/^tljj.  effaced  ta  nzake  iLaojiz  fo/L  a  ca/ztf  of 
^fLuQusti/z's  cairzirzeizta/^  ojz  t/ie  SPsalnzs. 
Jft  is  lieliened  liif  tfze  Lea/Hzed  thai  tfze  o/Lz- 
c^iizal  /rzaiZLisc/Li/zt  mas  executed  at  Least  as 
ea/LLf  as  t/ze  second  o/L  t/zinl  ce/zt/z/^/f  of  tlie 
$lz/Listia/z  e/La.  ^Jlze  /-estaratia/z  of  t/zis 
/na/ZLLSc/Li/zt}  and  t/ze  disco ne/Hj^  of  t/zis  fa/zq- 
last  a/zd  earnestly,  sa/zg/zt  classzc  Qcnz,  mci-c 
tlze  moi-k  of  $a/Ldi/zal  jltai,  czs  Lcfo/Le  men- 


A- A  ^HE  HISTORY  OF  IjYK. 


tianed.     Jjflzc  QjhQinal  maiLds  aiLe  teterrimus 

ET  EX  HAC  VEL ,    CLIlcL  UILC  tUfiiteil  ill   tmo 

columns,  an  the  fzuc^e,  mkile  tke  latetL  twHtuig. 
/cuns  cam/zletelif  acfat&s.  tke  /zcuje. 

(Df    tke    eaMiest     ui^iti/ijg.     executed    ui 
Jf^ance,    aftef-  that   cauntHf.   fiecehied  its. 

name  pLam  tkase  mka  canc^ue/Led  it,  uie  QLiie 
a  s/zecimen  pLairz  tke  /legi/ini/iQ  of  a  ckartei- 
afJCinc^  (BayoLe^t  I  executed  ft.  (B.  b%$. 

Jjflze  maHls  a/~e quotiescumque  petitioni- 

b  us  " — "  Jf&LuieiietL  ma/uj.  tunes,  ta  /zetitians, y> 
Sic.  Jft  is  a  canfbLnzatian  of  a  /zcu'titian 
of  /vLo/ze/Lt^  Letuieen  turn.  keiiLs.  jJJIze  man- 
aQiLammatic  autogj-a/zk  of  tke  /^tLeat  JfCcuH \, 
(in.  modern  times  culled  ^ka/Llemagne,)  uie 
ju-esent  also  as  an  olifecl  of  interest,  ft.(3). 
800. 

JDke  oldest  s/zecimen  of  utriiiriQ.  in  /^t~eat 
\/Litain  m/zick  kas  Leen  /z/Lese/LLLed  ta  tke 
nineteenth  cenfuHj.,  mas  a  Look  Lelzeaed  to 
lie  not  late^  tkan  tke  jj_ea/~  bOO  of  tke 
$kiListian  eiLa.  ftsfle  kas  jziLeseiLiLed  an  en- 
Qj-aited  sjzecimen  af  it;  Lut  tke  jziLLceless 
original  kas  since  Leen  dest/~aifed  luf  fuLe  in 
tke  JB^iLitisk  jl/Luseum.  Jft  mas  said  to,  lie 
a  Look  of  ftuQustin.  ft  sjzecimen  still  m 
existence,  dates  lietm.ee/ z  tke  jj.ea/cs  v  bJj.  and 
tjO.  Jit  is  a  ckcu-te/-  of  <~fcLLi}  JffinQ  af 
tke  tfast  <~f axons,  and  is  easily.  iLead: — "Jf} 
<~feLLi,  JKiiiQ,"  Sic.  /life  subjoin  a  few. 
motLds  fi-om  Ike  cantmencemient  of  a  cluu-teiL 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK.  Jf.5 


afJltfilliam  tke  ^anq.LLe^a^,  uikase  ^eic^n  com- 
menced in  /p  norland,   *fk.  (3).  iObb: — Will: 

DEI  GRAT1A  REX,  $b&}   SdATIS  ME   CONCESSISSE 

ufWJilliam,    luf    tke  qHlcc  of  /^ad,    JfCing 
Sic. :  JfCnaui.  t^e  tkat  Jf  kane  Ranted — n 

Isaac  U  Israeli,  in  Ills.  ^LL^iosities  af 
j£i±efLa±LU%  (naL  & ,  /icicle  180,  of  tke  J^as- 
to.n  edition, )  chines  a  treatise  an  tke  a  (Dhq^jz 
aftke  jl/lateLLials  af  fffl*HjJju£".  J?£e  com- 
mences it  mitk  tkese  LLematLkaLle  Liia^ds: 
u  Jft  is  clu^lolls  ta  okse^ne  tke  nat lolls  sllL- 
stifutes  fo^  /za/zetc  LefaLLe  its  discanetHf." 

JfojUL,  af  all  " ciLtLiasities  of  litet-atLL^e," 
tkLS  little  sentence  is,  in  nzanLf  tLes/zects,  tke 
mast  cLLtLiaLLS.  JI£e  talks  af  SLLLstitLztes  fa^ 
cl  tkinOy  not  in  existence,  and  not  eaen  a 
SLLkj_ect  af  inzaq^uiatiojz,  canfectLL^e,  aP  can- 
ce/ztia/z.  J3ke  name  af  (Ll)}  Jfs^aeLi  does  not 
uzdicate  an  Irish  oj-lqul,  IillI  tke^e  is  a 
shLojza^  affinitif  lietmeen  tkis  and  tkase  clull- 
asities  of  literature  cammanltf  called  (i  Jffish. 
LllLIs.  )}  ^fts  far  instance,  it  Reminds,  lls  af 
tke  cojLJilet  cam/zosed  liif  an  JfiLisk  officer 
af  a  q.aHLisan  in  tke  £Fcattisk  Jf&q-klands,  in 
commemoration  af  tke  u  Qaad  ma/^ks"  af 
general  Jllfade,  mko  kad  caLLsed  excellent 
tnUItcuHf  steads,  la.  lie  made  tki^aLLC^k  same  af 
tke  /zreiiiojLsLj.  altnast  im/zassaLle  mojLasses 
of  tkat  region. 

"  Had  you  seen  these  roads  before  they  were  made, 

YouJd  have  lifted  your  hands  and  blessed  General  Wade." 


46  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


J^aoL,  luf.  uiatf  af  camment  an  D  Israeli, 
uie  ullLL  sajj.  t/zat  "it  is  aeHf.  cLULiaus,n  and 
mafLeaLLetL  aeHf  strange,  if  not  fadiculaus, 
t/zat  ke  and  Astle,  (f^am  uikam  fie  ca/zies 
uiit/zaut  a  full  and  fabL  acknauiledc^ment,) 
ui/zile  "dee/zhj.  cam/zlaininQ  af  t/ze  infe- 
iLiatLitLf-  af  au^  inks,  ta  t/zase  af  ajitiquitu./' 
/zane  utterly,  failed  ta  ascertain  t/ie  cause 
a^  eaen  ta  notice  t/ze  accasian  af  it.  JJ/zeLf, 
as  uiell  as  attzeiL  ui^ifet^s  an  t/ze  subject, 
aLse^ae  t/ze  excellence  af  t/ze  ink  emfzlajj_ecL 
in  irzanusaLijzts  af  eatLlze^  ag^es,  damn  ta  t/ze 
tuielft/z  centuty,  and  t/ze  infe^ia^itif  af  t/ze 
ink  used  pLairz  t/zat  /retLiad  damn  ta  t/ze  clase 
at 't/ze  seaenteent/z  centuty,  uiit/zaut  turning 
attentian  ta  t/ze  g^eat  lzistaiLical  fact  t/zat 
t/ze  first  paper-mill  in  $u/ca/ze  uias  estab- 
lished in  t/zat  sairze  tivelfth  century. 

^fk  fzeculiat^  cachexy  (a  aa^ietif  af  t/ze 
disease  knauin  ta  /zsc/zLfa-nasalac^ists  as  t/ze 
cacoethes  scribendi,)  seenzs  ta  Le  /ze^editaty  in 
t/ze  0) }  JfsJ-aeLL  fanzilif.  Benjamin  U Israeli, 
(t/ze  san  af  Jfsaac,)  late  ^)/zancellatL  af  t/ze 
{pjcclzeq_ueiL)  Sic,  La/zen  Ize  tLase  zn  /zis  jzlace, 
as  t/ze  Jffead  a^  Ste/z^esentatiae  af  Jf£etL 
jt/Laj_estLj! s  Qaae^nnzent  in  t/ze  Jffause  af 
^ainmans,  ta  fz^anaunce  a  eulagjj.  an  t/ze 
icecentlif.  deceased  QLuke  af  /llfelli/iQtan,  had. 
t/ze  impudence  ta  ^ejzeat,  uia^d  fatL  uiatLd,  a 
aeiHf  Laid  translation  af  t/ze  eloge  deliu.e/Led 
luf  ^Eamattine  a  feui  L^ea^s  /ztLeaiaus,  an  ac- 


THE   HISTORY  OF   IJfK.  47 


casian  of  tke  deat/z  af  one  af  tke  third-rate 
nzarskaLs  of  J^ajzaLeon  I. 

JUke  (H)'  JPsraeLL  fanziLt^  are  eaidentLi^ 
° same "of  tke  ckddren  af  JfsraeL,  ui/zo,  (as 
uie  are  tald  aiz  o^aad  autkarity.,)  uiken  tkeif 
Left  fpQLffzt  borrowed  eueriftkin^.  tlzet^.  caald 
get,  cuzd  neaer,  so  far  as  tfie  record  shams, 
eitker  returned  t/ze  articles  sa  attained,  or 
nzade  /irajzer  acknauiLed^/zzents  tkerefor. 

JSfke  ffilzuze.se  did  manufacture  fza^zer 
from  t/ze  Lark  of  tke  snzaLL  Lranclies  of  a 
tree  af  tke  muLlierri^.  g^enus,  (Morus  Multi- 
caulis?)  and  also  from  aid  rags,  sLLkt 
fiem/z,  and  cotton,  as  eartif  as  t/ze  second 
centuHj.  af  tke  ^kristian  era;  and  it  is 
su/z/zased  tkat  from,  tkenz  tke  ^fLraLs 
defined  tlzeir  knauiLedc^e  af  /zafzer- making, 
an  art  uikick  tkeg.  introduced  into  ^ura/ze 
in  tke  fohner  kalf  of  tke  tuielft/z  cen- 
turg,  uiken  tke  first  /za/zer-iniLL  mas  jzut 
in  a/zetLatiojz  in  SF/zain,  tken  under  tke 
jl/Laartsk  dominion;  and,  in  H50,  tkis 
cuLticLe,  as  manufactured  Luf  tkenz,  kad 
Lecanze  fanzaus  tkrauglzaut  ^kristendanz. 

[/life  use  tke  lizards  ^ftrali  and  jl/Laar  in- 
discrtnzinatekf  kere.  J3fke  fohner  is  tke 
nanze  of  tke  race;  tke  Latter  is  Limited  to 
tkat  jzartiojz  found  in  jYortlzern  jtfrica. 
JDIze  Jlaar  is  t/ze  ^fkraL  af  tke  West,  (j£L 
jl/LagreL,  fpL /(jl/zarL,)  intlze ^ftrakic,  denomi- 
nated Mogrebyn, — a  uLard  uilziclz  in  Slanzan 


4$  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


and  fpuro/zean  months,  has  smo.atked  and 
softened  itself  into,  a  fcuhrt  su^estine  of 
the  aftgln.  of  Maurus  and  Mauritania.^ 

J\fom,  uizlkoul  earning  to  a  /zositiise  con- 
cluszon  an  tkzs  su/ij-ect,  ate  feel  autkoiLZj.ed 
to.  [uLonojuLce  ui/iat  a/z/zeatLs  to  lie  a  reason- 
able o/iuiLOJi,  defined  pLom  all  t/ze  facts, 
m/zzck  i  fie  kane  Jii&i  jzlaced  lie  fare  tke 
iLeadejL, — t/iat  t/ie  uztrocluctiorz  of  ziiiltuzQ- 
jzaJLei-  amanQ  ^u/-o/zea/zs}  mas.  the  occasion 
and  cause  of  t/ze  uuiention  and  QeneiLal 
em/zlc ufme/zt  of  modern  iiultinQ-znk  tiif 
tkem. 

JD/ze  fact  that  tke  iiegetalile  astringents 
form  a  deefz  ojl  lilnisk  lilack  coIqjl,  uifien 
comtiined  uiith  a  salt  of  iron,  /tad  keen 
known  pLom  time  immemorial.  ^fLmonQ 
t/ze  HdHojnans,  tlze  atramentum  sutorium, — 
"  s/zo_emake/~'s  ink/' — uias  a/z/zlied  to  a  so- 
lution of  sidjzkate  of  uLon  ernfzloLfed  liy 
tlzem,  as  it  is  eaen  to.  this,  day,  Ly.  uwjLketLs 
in  leatker,  to  lilacken  tke  surface  of  tkat 
material.  JD/zzs  it  does  Lif  uniting,  c/zemi- 
calkj.  niitk  tlze  tannin  and  gallic  acid,  L/j. 
iiikick  tlze  Izide  mas  connected  into  leat/ze/-, 
uikose  lilacketzed  /zatLticles  aiLe  tkerefoi-e 
essentially,  identical  niitk  nzodehz  ink.  SJ/ze 
"  co/z/ze/cas-uialefL"  is  to  lie  found  in  ene/if 
skoemake^s  skofz,  uike^e  it  is  used  to  color 
t/ze  cut  edq.es  of  tlze  keels  and  tlze  /-est  of 
tlze  soles. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK.  49 


^fls  soon  as  tke  difficulty  of  mHtlncf 
uiltfz  caniienlence  and  tLajzldltif.  an  fzafzetL, 
mltk  tke  ancient  catLlianaceous  Ink,  liecanze 
manifest,  tke  ^esoH:  ta  tke  atr amentum  suto- 
rium  as  a  sulistitute  fat*-  tke  atramentum 
scriptorium,  mas  a  matted  af  course,  and  mas 
Lut  a  simjzle  ada/ztatlan  af  a  familial  sub- 
stance ta  a  nem  fzutLfzase,  ^eq.ulHncf.  nacft^eat 
IncfenLutLf.,  and  na  Innentlan  mkateneH 

£fta^  a  tine,  fze^kajzs  th.Hm.Qh  a  fzefaad  af 
Senegal  centuries,  a  mixture  af.  tke  turn 
hands  af  Ink  mas  em.fzlaLf.ed  laf.  tke  ata- 
mans; and  tkls  mas  undaulitedlif  tke  Lest 
cain/zasltlan  tkat  mas  ene^  Inaented  fa^  tke 
fzu^/zase  af  dellke^ate,  careful,  elegant 
mfatlncf,  designed  and  ^eq.ubLed  ta  lie  fzetc- 
manent  and  unckanq.ealiLe  undetL  constant 
ex.jzasu^e  and  kandllncf, — as  In  tke  case  af 
manuscHfzt  Looks  Lefa^e  tke  aH:  af  /zHntlncf. 
mas  known.  fpiien  as  ea^lif.  as  tke  fhLst 
centuHf  af  tke  $kiLlstlan  eiLa,  In  tke  tlnze  af 
SPllntf  tke  /IfounQe^  and  fziLaLaLLf  long 
Lefa^e  tkat,  a  salutlaiz  af  sul/z/zate  af  uLan 
mas  camnzanlif.  a&  f^ecf.uentLij.  added  ta  tke 
ca^Lanaceaus  and  oleaginous  rnuitu^e  mklck 
me  kaae  described  as  tke  original  melting- 
Ink.  Jfn  skoiLt,  tke  atramentum  sutorium 
mas  added,  In  moderate  cfuantlfij.,  ta  tke 
atramentum  scriptorium,  tkus  constituting.  It 
a  chemical  as  melL  as  a  mechanical  Ink. 
<~fo,  madefrz  Ink  /naif  lie  l/n/zi^a/ied  m  Llack- 


50  9THE  HISTORY  OF  1JTK 


ness,  cLiftriiiLiLif  and  lieantif,  and  tendered 
luzckanQealile  in.  cala^  tuzde^  tke  action  af 
tke  cklatLides}  acids. ,  &.c,  liLf  tke  inteHnijt- 
tiuLe  of  a  small  cfitantitij.  af.  tke  ll&Hj.  finest 
caiLl±an,  in  tke  fahrt  af  an  im/tal/zalile  /zaui- 
de/\     ^-id,  tke^eat  difficulty,  is — tkat  tke 
caption  clo^s  tke  Jzen,  and  fenders  tke  ink  * 
taa    tkick    ta  flaia    easily.,  sa  tkat  it  can 
nenet-  lie  ased  fa^  ^a/zid  a^  a^dina/Hf  unLitinqr. 
/life  can  not  yine,  in   an/-  auin    uia^ds,   a 
Letted  accaant  af  tkis  matted  tkan  me  find 
in  tke  language  af  a  uety.  Learned  autkatL 
in    tke    ^dinliu/tyk    S3tenieuL,    (jialume    Jj.8> } 
@)ec.  i$2$). 

J3fke  cuticle  ketLe  cited  is  entitled  "  The 
Recovery  of  Lost  Writings,"  and  is 
nominally.  a^eaieuL  af  ^Gah  Institutionum 
Comment arii:  [2]Institutes  de  Gaius,  re- 
cemment  decouvertes  dans  un  palimpseste 

DE  LA  BlBLIOTHEQUE  DE  ChAPITRE  DE  VeRONE. 
[3]JURISC0NSULTI    AnTE-JuSTINIANEI   RELIQUIAE 

ineditae,  ex  codice  rescripto  Bibliothecae  Vati- 
canae,  car  ante  Angelo  Maw,  Bibliothecae 
ejusdem  Praefecti.  SJke  article  Lectins  on 
fiacre  SJ^8y  of  tkis  nalu/ne  of  tke  &_euieui. 
/life  equate  f^am  jiac^e  Sbb ; — u J3ke  ink 
uikick  tke  ancients  c^ene/calkf  used,  mas 
comjwsed  of  lanz/z-Llack  ini^ied  tuitk  Qiun, 
as  uie  atLe  informed  liij.  (LL LakcaiLides  and 
atketLs,  uika  c^iae  tke  ^eceijit  [/~eci/Le?~\  fa/L 
making    it.      Jfnla    af    tkis    kind  matf.    lie 


THE   HISTORY   OF   IJTK.  51 


called  ca^lianic :  zt  /zassesses  tke  advantages 
of  extreme  lilackness  and  duiLaliilitij.,  tke 
m/^itincf.  ^emammQ.  pLesk  sa  long  as  tke  suli- 
stance  an  m/zick  it  ls  LaHtte.iL  exists ;  liut  as 
it  daes  not  si/zk  znta  tke.  ^zafze^,  it  is  Halite 
ta  tke  Q^eat  uzconaenience  af  lieing.  easilij. 
and  eirtiz-eliij.  t-emoLied;  fa^,  if  a  met  s/zange 
lie  a/r/zlied  ta  it,  tke  m^itinc^  maLf  lie  masked 
auiaif,  and  no  traces  af  tke  ckaz-acte^s  aiilt 
Remain.  J3ke  facility  aiitk  uikick  docu- 
ments irzigkt  lie  tkus  alilite^ated,  g^ane  occa- 
sion ta  fraud,  as  an  ajHbfuL  foJ-c^ey-  mas  alile 
ta  ^emane  suck  jzoj^tions  af  tke  a^io^inal 
ui^itin<£  as  ke  mic^kt  desire  ta  get  Hd  af 
and  tkus  jz^ofit  Ll^  tke  alisence  af  material 
ma/^ds,  atL  insert  in  tke  lilanks  uikick  ke  kad 
made,  suck  inte^/zalatians  as  migkt  se^ne 
kis  tuHZo  jl/Lang  common  accidents,  liif 
uikick  Looks  and  meltings  uietLe  ex/zased  ta 
met,  at*-  enen  ta  damjz,  me^e  also  fatal,  cjLat 
Least  kzgklij.  inj-Uit-iaus,  ta  camfzasztians  cuzd 
muniments  af  c^-eaf  nalue.  flf avians  expe- 
dients metLe  tke^efaiLe  attemjzted  ta  ^enzedjj. 
an  imfzeiLfectian  f^am.  uikick  mantf  nzust 
kane  suffered  seuePelif.  Pliny  informs  us 
tkat  it  mas  usual,  i/z  kis  time,  ta  mix.  ui/ze- 
qu/1-  mitk  tke  ink,  ta  make  it  strike  into  the 
paper  or  parchment,  and  t/zat  it,  i/z  same 
decree,  a/zsmei-ed  tlze  /zu/L/zase.  Jft  s/iauld 
seem  t/zat  Liit/Lialic  ink,  suck  as  me  use  at 
jz/Lesent,  mas  also  ado/zted  soon  afte/Lma/Lds, 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK 


lll/zlc/l  /zassesses,  in  /zetLfectLan,  t/ie  quality, 
l/iat  mas  desired  of  sinking  instantly,  into, 
t/ie  fta/iet6',  so.  as  ta  make  it  puL  moiLe  diffi- 
cult to  disc/zatLqe  it  uiitkout  destfLoLf.in^.  the 
texture  on  udziclz  it  is  u±tcitten,  and  of  LeinQ. 
/zeicfectljj_  secure  against  aiate/c}  Lif  uitiick 
Jfndian  and  ot/ze^  caJiwnLc.  Jfnks  cuLessa 
easily,  effaced.     It  is  not,  Aauieue/1,  equally 

SECURE    AGAINST    THE    EFFECTS    OF    TIME;     foiL 

vitriolic  ink gradually,  fades  auiatf,  Lecomes 
jzale^  Liy  de£iLees,  tu/^ns  LtLauin  and  tyelloui, 
and  is  scarcely.  leyiLle;  and  sometimes,  as 
tlze  /zaiLc/zment  Q^auisiyelloui  and  L^ollliz  uiit/z 
aq^e,  it  disa/z/zea^s  altogether,  ^fk  conz- 
jzoand  kind  of  ink  canze  next  into  use,  uilzicli 
united  tfze  advantages  and  avoided  t/ie  de- 
fects of  tlze  tnia  sim/zle  sorts.  <~Puc/z  a  mixed 
ink  mas  generally,  used  far  several  centiuLies; 
and  aiit/z  tfzis,  the  nzanusaLijzts  t/zat  are  noui 
most  fLeslz  and  leyiLle  a/z/zecuL  ta  Izane  Leen 
uiritten.  Jft  is  evident  t/zat  tlze  ink  lvlLIi 
Li±/zictz  tfze  original  marks  contained  in  tlze 
IPatim/zsest  nzanuscri/zts  t/zat  have  keen 
decifzlzered  mere  uiritten,  mas  at  Least  i/i 
/zatLt  vitriolic:  for  tlze  Letters  ailiic/z  Izad 
Leen  HtLLed  out  were  rendered  legible  by  the 
application  of  the  infusion  of  galls  JP/z  order 
to  remove  tlze  original  uuLitinc$}  tlze  /iardi- 
ments  on  m/zic/z  tlze  mixed  ink  had  Leen 
used  mere,  jzroLaLly,  first  masked  to  take 
off  tlze  carLon,  and  t/zus  /tartially  to  efface 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJfK.  53 


t/ze  c/za^acte^s,  and  uie^e  afte^uia^ds  sciLa/zed 
at*-  ^uLLed  uiit/z  fzumice}  a&  same  at/ze^  suit- 
able substance,  ta  camjztete  t/ze  fz^acess 
of  destruction,  bif  taking,  auiaif.  mec/za- 
nicalljj.  t/ze  catatL  t/zat  t/ze  nitiLiatic  fzaiL- 
tia/z  af  t/ze  ink  still  jz^ese^ned.  -ft  is 
liut  taa  /z^abalite  t/zat  manLf  manusc^i/zts, 
t/ze  ctza^acte^s  af  uilzic/z  uie^e  enti^eLf 
fahrzed  af  t/ze  irza^e  ancient  carbonic  inhy 
/zaae  been  eiztuLehj_  dest/catfed,  t/ze  tetters 
/zau-UZQ  been  luas/zed  off  camfzletettf,  and  bif 
t/ze  same  sim/zte  means  as  t/ze  waiting,  af 
a  sc/zaal-baif.  an  a  slate;  uJzilst  t/ze  jzaiLc/z- 
ment  still  Remains  Liz  au/L  tibiLaiLies,  aizd  is. 
caae^ed  uiit/z  trza^e  irzadehz  canz/zasltians 
ui/zic/z  /zaae  saciLilegiauslif  and  taa  success- 
fully usu^jzed  t/ze  jzLace  af  maiLe  ancient 
aizd  nza^e  aatuabte  matteiL.  J3lze  tirades, 
af  $^11  ah  af  ^fe^ame,  aiL  t/ze  tauzd^if  elo- 
quence af  ^lzicjj.sastam,  aiLe  fze^/za/zs  fi^mLf 
establis/zed  in.  q.uaHie^s  from  ui/zeizce  \?~\  t/ze 
jl/Latyites  of  Jf^anze^,  a/c  t/ze  cairzedies  af 
jKenande^,  ui.eiLe  miserably,  dislodged. 

"  ^fL    irzaiZLLSc^ijzt   is   caL/ed  SPatim/zsest, 

f^airz   t/ze    aclfectitie    iraXifX-^aitfVos  aiL  iroLki^^rog, 

signifying  tuiice  Htbbed;  not  as  t/ze  glass- 
aHf  af(S)u/$ange  (membrana  iterum  abrasa — 
charta  deletilis)  mould  seem  ta  denote,  lie- 
cause  t/ze  /zaiLc/zment  Izad  tmice  undei^gane 
abi^asu^e,  ojc  t/ze  uuLiting  been  tmice  abliteiL- 
atcd,  but  because  it  Izad  Leen  it  idee  /zi^e/za^ed 


54  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


faiL  malting,  m/zick  mas.  fz^inci/zallg  effected 
kg.  Hikking  if  mit/z  jzunzice,  fifLst  in  the 
course  af  manufacture,  afteiL  t/ie  original 
skin  Izad  keen.  auLed,  and  again  kg  t/ie 
same  /z^acess,  after  tlze  original  ui/iting  iiad 
keen,  taken  amag  kg  masking,  ai~  i/i  ang 
atke/L  manned.  jDke  strict  and  jziLecise 
sense  af  SPalimfzsest  is  tketLefatLe  {tmice 
/zre/zared  fa/L  uuLitingf  tfze  re/zetition  af 
suck  /z/Ae/zaratian  keing  tlze  Jzrenailing  idea 
in  tlze  etgmalagg,  and  not  erasure,  as  sanze 
Izaae  ehLaneauslg  sufzfzased.  Jft  is  said  to. 
ke  easg  ta  renzaae  pLam  modern  ^zarcknzent, 
es/zeciallg  if  mkat  is  mritten  ke  af  sanze 
standing,  all  traces  af  inciting,  kg  Htkking 
zt  rn.it  k  fzumice,  atL  similar  sukstances;  and 
if  tlze  surface  ke  aftetLmards  jzalisked,  na 
one,  kg  merely,  looking  an  it,  mdl  eaer  su/z- 
fzase  t/zat  it  Izad  ener  keen  uuHften.  u/zan; 
kut,  if  it  ke  mashed  kg  an  infusion  of  galls, 
tlze  Letters  mill  ke  sa  far  restored,  Jzarticu- 
larlg  if  it  ke  suffered  ta  remai/z  same  time 
uz  tlze  light  9  t/zat  it  may.  ke  ca/zied  kg.  a 
/zatient  and  /zracticed  /zerso/i,  mka  is  gifted 
mzt/z  gaad  eges: — sa  deejzlg.  Izad  tlze  iron 
entered  into  tlze  soul  af  tlze  jzarcktrzent ! 
Jff  tlze  erased  letters  mere  mritten  in  a  kald 
large  kand,  tlze  task  af  decifzlzerLzg  tkenz 
mill  af  caurse  ke  less  trauklesonze,  and  tlze 
Results  mare  sure,  ^fknd  suck  are  tke  clzar- 
acters   of  tlze  nzoiLe  ancient  manuscrLJzts ; 


THE   HISTORY  OF   IJTK.  55 


faiL,  tlze  alde^  t/ze  irzannsaLijzt,  tlze  Letter 
cuzd  nzaiLe  Lea^iLiLe  is  tke  uifatiizQ,  as  a/z- 
/vcaaclzinQ  incuse.  /zeaicltf  ta  tlze.  a^es  af 
ciailitif  cuzd  iLefineinent.  JDIze  nzetkad  af 
uuLitiizQ  Liz  aid  tim.es.  is  alsa  faaaiLaLLe,  it  is 
said,  ta  tlze  iLesta^atian  af  uia/Lks  a/z/za^- 
enttij.  alitite^ated.  JHIze  sciLilie  did  nat  use 
a  flaming,  ink,  izaiL  a  finely  fiainted  jzen,  as 
nzadehz  m^ite/^s  aiLe  mant;  na^  mas  a  small 
q_u_aiztiti£.  afi^tied  sa  ligJztlif  aizd  s/za^inghf 
as  ta  dtLLf.  ahrzast  as  fast  as  it  taack.es  tlze 
/za/zefL.  JDIze  ancient  ink.  mas  thick  unt/z 
gain,  and  mas  su/z/zlied  ca/ziaasl/j.  Lg  a  jzen 
mit/z  a  L^aad  jzaint,  usually  made  of  a  iAeed; 
a/zd  tlze  dza^acte^s  me^e  painted  i^atfie^  tkaiz 
miLitten,  tlze  ink  ^at/ze^  ^esemLling  jzaiizt  ojl 
naHzislz  tlzaiz  aiuL  thin  tiq_uaiL.  jfls  t/zeif 
iLa/Aelif  uuLate  in  Laaks,  it  mas  nat  necessaftf 
tliat  tlze  /zage  slzaald  d/LLf  s/ieedihf,  ojl  Le 
dicied  laf.  means  af  saizd  a/zd  Llattuza^jzajze^, 
i/z  a^de^  ta  ji^eaent  tlze  Lass  af  tune,  and 
tliat  t/ze  fzeninaiz  might  tahz  aire^  tlze  leaf 
immediately. ;  tlze  laase  s/zeets  a/A  leaves,  an 
t/ze  cant/^aHf,  mlzich  me^e  anlif  ta  lie  liaund 
lljz  mhen  tlze  nilzaLe  mas  cam.jzteted,  mei^e 
left  ta  diLg  slauittf,  sa  tliat  tlie  jzaaLs  af  ink 
mlzich  faHned  tlze  Letters,  staad  tang,  an  t/ze 
surface  af  t/ie  jiai^chment ;  and  t Izat  jzaiLt 
af  tlze  fluid  mlzich  u±as  af  a  /ienetiLating. 
natuiLe  mas  giLadiiattg  aLsaiLLed,  and  sunk 
deejzig  inta  tlze  suLstance  af  tlie  skin,  sa  as 


56  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


ta  /vLes.ejLLLe  ta  us — if  me  lie  nat  mantinQ  ta 
au/Lselnes  in  diligence — man/j.  fz/~eciaus  Re- 
lics, af  ancient  La/Le.  JDke  iLesta/Latian  af 
tke  aHQuiaL  uiHtiriQ.  in  a  /zalim/zsest  nzcuui- 
sc/Li/zt  ulLLL  lie  Lest  ex/zlained  luf  Pefe^Hag  ta 
ane  af  tke  man/j.  kinds  af  sjj.m/zat/zetic  uzk, 
mkzck  is  in  tiHttlz,  making  common  ink  ex 
post  facto,  a/L  uniting,  t/ze  ingredients  af 
mkic/z  it  is.  camjzased,  after  tke  fact  af 
mritzng.  Jff  me  incite  mitk  mate/L  i/z  mkick 
cafz/ze/^as  kas  Lee/z  dissalaed,  tke  Letters,  uiitl 
lie  bzaisiLle;  Lut  mken  tke  /za/zer  kas  Lee/z 
masked  a/ie/L  mitk  an  infusian  af  galls,  tkeg. 
mill  afz/zea/L  gradually.,  a/zd  miLL  i/z  time 
Lecame  tale/LaLlg  LegiLle;  tke  ink.  Leing  tkus 
farmed  u/za/z  tke  fzafzer,  altkaugk  muck  Less 
fzerfectLg,  tka/z  i/z  tke  a/LdincuLg  mace/La- 
tia/z." 

^tittle  ar  natking  ca/z  lie  added  ta  tke 
full  and  elaLa/Late  kista/Lg  af  ancient  and 
made/Hz  inks  uikick  is  cantained  i/z  t/zis 
extract, — sa  tlza/Laugk  and  ca/n/zlete  in  its 
analysis  af  tke  suLfect,  a/zd  sa  cleat1  in  its 
distinct  statements  af  tke  Results  af  in/ies- 
tigatians  in  mkick  same  af  tke  mast  acute 
minds  af  tpu/La/ze  ka/ie  lang  keen  success- 
fully, emjzlaged,  tkat  me  mill  nat  linger 
u/za/z  it  mitk  mere  aerLaL  criticism. 

/life  ca/z  nat  /zresent  a  mare  striking 
zLlustratian  af  tke  ckange  in  tke  cam/zasi- 
tian  af  inks  aLaut  tke  time  af  tke  inaentian 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IjYK.  57 

af  tke  art  af  /uLuztuiQ,  tkaiz  is  ftuHzisked 
liif  tke  aizizex.ed  facsimile  af  a  fzac^e  in  tke 
Biblia  Pauperum,  ("  J$.iLLe  fatL  /zaaic  folks," ) 
tke  aLclest  /z/ciizted  liaak  Liz  tke  iacuLLcL  SI  Ills 
ex.ttLaafLcluzcLtLLf  liaak  is  af  Uncertain  date. 
( Jfa  juHnted  liaak  kas  a  date  /zz-ia/-  ta 
Y4^7-J  J3keiLe  a/Le,  as  uie  LeLiene,  aizlif 
tuia  cajzies  af  it  iiz  yZirze/'ica,  a/ze  in  tke 
/zassessia/z  af  James  Lenox,  of  Jsfem-fl£ojLk) 
— tke  atkeiLiiz  tke  Astor  Library. 

J3ke  maketL  af  t/zis  liaak  uias  tke  luzcoiz- 
sciaas  LzneiztaiL  af  tke  a/Lt  of  /zz-aztuiq. 
JWaod-etzQi-aiiiizQ  mas  in  use  foi~  aq.es 
liefaiLe  it  accused  ta  tke  mind  af  nzaiz  tkat 
a  Letter  irzig^kt  lie  as  easilif  /-e/zz-adaced  iiz 
tkat  uiatj.  as  a  /zictuiLe  a/L  ficfjufe.  JDa  coiz- 
LLetj.  scfLi/ztiuLal  kistatLif  ta  tke  irzbzds  af  tke 
cairzirzaiz  /zea/zle,  tke  uiaad-eizq.iLaneiLs(  /ukase 
a/Lt  luas  inne/zted  ta  /rzidti/zkf  a/zd  ckca/zeiz 
tke  /zj-aductia/z  af  playing- cards)  nzade  Izt- 
tle  /zictiuLes  ^e/v-eseiztirzc^  sceizes  desa~zlied, 
a/zd  eaeizts  iiajLiLatedf  iiz  tke  Jffilde.  ^J'oi- 
tke  lietzefit  of  tke  fern  uJza  could  iLead,  it 
uias  custama/u.  ta  uirite  o/z  tke  ma/gin,  o/~ 
at  tke  foot,  af  tke  fume  ojz  itikick  tke  mood- 
citt  uias  fiHnted)  a  fail  ULO/ds,  drsa-i/zli/ie 
of  tke  salifect  ojl  akj.act  delineated.  JDIzls 
uias  aluiaij-S  daize  uiitk  a  jzeu,  luf  a  i-rq/dai- 
sciLiLe}  until)  a/ze  daij,  it  acau-rea L  ta  the 
/uaad-e/iQ/Latie/L  eirzfi do/jed  ojl  the  Biblia  Pau- 
perum, that  these  ujuouhLs  might  Ue  as  easily. 


53  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


engrailed  as  the  figures,  to.  mhich  they. 
referred,  and  af  mhich  thejj.  uiefie  the  ejtjzLa- 
nation.  Jf£e  jzut  that  idea  uz  /zractice :  and 
in  an  Instant  the  suLlinze  art  of  printing 
mas  an  "  accam/zlished  fact." 

JHIze.  adaocates  af  tlze  claims  af  JfCaster, 
z^ansefleisch,  (ojl  /^utenLerQ,)  2f?aust  (or 
2f?ust,)  and  ^Fchaeffer,  ta  t/zis  indention, 
hane  masted  muck  lakor  in  bringing,  forth 
conflicting  testimony  about  tfzenz.  JDIze 
long-forgotten  and  nam  mlzallg  luzk-namn 
maad-engraiier  af  the  Biblia  Pauperum  fzad 
jzreceded  them  Inf.  IzaLf  af  a  generation. 
Sfuch  liaaks  mere  in  existence  before  ^fL  (&). 
iJj.£0 ;  and  tlze  earliest  date  m/zic/z  tlze 
Jf&Larlaem  ([Dutchmen  set  u/z  far  tlze  first 
jzrinting  af  their  fellam-tamnsnzan,  J£ezm- 
rence  JfCaster,  is  i J±£8'.  ^fknd  his.  jzreten- 
sians  are  after  all  nerg  dubious.  Jfndeed 
theg  hane  Leen  generallg  candenzned  as 
utterlg  fabulous  bg  bibliogra/zhical  critics 
and  tgfzagra/zhical  historians. 

/life  introduce  it  here  ta  sham  the  color 
and  the  (therebg  indicated)  canz/zasitian  of 
the  ink  emfzlaged.  Jft  mas  writing-ink. 
Jft  contained  siil/zhate  of  iron  (ca/z/zeras), 
in  canzliinatian  mit/z  vegetable  astringent 
matter,  and  mith  nerg  little  carbon.  JDhe 
aegetable  substance,  imjzerfectlg  united  ta 
the  mineral  ingredient,  has  (in  obedience  to 
the  Lams  af  organic  matter)  Leen  decoin- 


THE   HISTORY  OF   IJTK.  5 


jzased  arid  " r^esalned  into,  its  original  ele- 
ments." Jft  kas  disa/z/zear^ed ;  Lut  the 
iron  Remains  Lu.it k  its  Lfellam  stain,  an 
imjzeHskaLLe  memorial  af  tkat  kumLle, 
nameless  maiLkman,  ma^e  enduring,  tkan 
tkat  mkick  tke  /zlaintine  man  af  flL%.  de- 
seed; fat*-  if  tfiase  mar^ds  liad  keen  u gr^anen 
mitk  an  iron  pen  and  lead  in  trie  r^ack  for- 
ever," tkat  antici/zated  eternity  nziglzt  kaae 
faded  af  realisation  luf  tke  action  af  tke 
iLain,  tke  fr^ast,  tke  dust,  and  inmuner^aLLe 
imaginakle  atmasjzke^ic  nicissztudes,  a^, 
(mkat  is  lactase, J  atke  m^atk  af  man." — 
SPame  ^amlofses  might  kane  demalisked 
tke  tLack  itself  and  left  no  matLe  of  tke 
mscr^i/ztian  tkan  can  nam  Le  f^ead  af  tkase 
once  canned  an  tke  cliffs  af  Ipdam,  tke  /^ad- 
cheated  malls  af  SPeti^a  in  tke  nalley  af 
Eh  Ghor. 

JDkis  jzaLe  ^ustif  word-stamping  an  tke 
fragile  and  easily,  camliustilile  /za/zer^-,  Izas 
aiztlasted  tke  inscr^i/itians  once  nisilile  in 
gigantic  ckaJ-acter^s  an  tke  faur^  sides  af  tke 
jl/temjzkitic  /zgmmids;  and  it  is  only,  an 
incidental  Result  of  tke  intelligence  diffused 
and  tke  learning  fziLanzated  Lllj.  tke  inaentian 
tkns  liegmz,  tkat  me  can  nam  tLead  tke  lang- 
IznHed  ^ecar^ds  af  J^inenek,  tke  ejzitajiks 
af  tke  JDkeLaic  kings,  and  tke  goatlings  an 
tke  /z/ceci/zitaus  fronts  af  tke  maiuztains 
mkick  siuLiuaiind  tke  illiuzs  af  S?e/Lse/zalis. 


60  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK 


^fLLL  uirlters  u/zan  tills.  su.Lj.ect  kane 
strangely.  oaerlaoked  tke  fact  that  tke  art  of 
zm/zressuzy  or  jzrlntlny  letters  uiltk  a  metal- 
lic stamfz  or  ty/ze  an  fzarckment,  as  a  sub- 
stitute far  fzen-uiark,  Is  aliaul  a  tkausand 
/years  alder  t/zan  tke  jzerlad  aLoae  s/zeclfled 
as  tke  date  af  tke  Inaentlan  af  tlze  modern 
art  af  fiAntinQ.  JfJke  Codex  Argenteus, 
(tke  oldest  translation,  of  tke  entl/Le  J$_lLle 
into  any  fpura/zean  language, )  Is  a  famous 
Look,  In  tlze  JElLrary  af  tke  fllnlnerslty.  af 
fllfzsala  In  SPuieden. 

(JUfe  ylne  tlze  jzartlcuLars  af  Its  klstory. 
In  our  ^ftjzjzendlxL.) 

JHIzls  "  antique }}  Is  on  /zur/zle  vellum, 
(uiklck  Is  fzarckment  made  of  calf-skin,)  and 
all  tke  letters  are  sil  ver,  (uikence  tke  name 
f^odeja  ylryenteus,  tke  " sllner  Loak/;j 
manifestly.  Impressed  an  tlze  /zaye  Ly  a 
metallic  stam/z  at*-  ty/ze,  eack  letted  evi- 
dently. Leuzy  an  a  sefzarate  stack  or  kandle, 
and  a/z/zlted  Ly.  manual  jziLessLULe.  JWe 
ylne  a  s/zeclmen  af  tkls  stifle  af  uLork.  Jft 
may.  Le  called  jzrlntlny,  Lut  can  not  Le 
denominated  manuscript,  for  tkat  Is  ( liter- 
ally.) " kand-uirltlny,"  uiklck  tkls  certainly 
Is  not. 

Jfn  au^  ^fl/z/zendlx.  may.  Le  found  stdl 
earlier  Instances  of  tkls  art  as  jzractlced  Ly 
tke  ancient  OSiamans  on  a  small  scale,  ui 
signatures,  trade- marks,  Sic. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK.  61 


Jlfke  ^dlfikuf^k  M.enieuL  t^efe^s.  ta  SPlinjj. 
and  0) iascafades,  as  fuhziskinq.  di^ectians 
fat*-  tke  manufacture  af  ink.  SJke  fpdin.- 
Luutyk  3leaieui.e^  saifs  °  MzeifiiM," — not  f-e.- 
ca^ni^ing^  tke  LuLaad  distinctian  Letmeen  a 
receipt  and  a  recipe.  JHke  fa^me^  af  tkese 
tuia  ulqjh£&.  mas  a^iginalltj.  Intended  ta  can- 
neiftfie  idea  tkat  tke  fre^&an  uika  signs,  tke 
fza/zetL  has.  got  so_metking :  tke  Lotted  matd, 
at*-  Its.  ^e/z^esentatine  initial  (3)  ineans.  si/<n- 
fikf,  "take/' 

SJke  duLectians  af  SPLinif  atLe  in  tke  faL- 
Lauuing  uia^ds: — 

G.  (Plinii  Secundi  Historia  JVaturalis. 
Lib.  XXXV,  \25. 

A  TEAMEN T  U  M. 

Jktramentum  quoque  inter  factitios  erit}  quanquam 
est  et  terrou  geminoe  orig-inis.  Jlut  enim  salsug-inis 
modo  emanat,  aut  terra  ipsa  sulphuret  coloi^is  ad  hoc 
probatur.  Inventi  sunt  pictores,  qui  e  sepulcris  car- 
bones  infectos  effoderent.  Importuna  haeo  omnia,  et 
novitia.  Fit  enim  e  fuligine  pluribus  modis,  resina 
vel  pice  exustis.  (Propter  quod,  qffioinas  etiam  aedifi- 
cavere,  fumum  eum  non  emittentes.  Lauolatissimum 
eoolem  modo  fit  e  tedis.  jldulteratur  fornacumbalnea- 
rumque  fuligine,  quo  ad  volumina  scribenda  utuntior. 
Bunt  qui  et  vini  faecem  exsiccatam  excoquant ;  adfirm- 
antque,  si  ex  bono  vino  faex  fuerit,  Indict  speciem  id 
atramentum  praebere.  (Poly  g-notus  et  JVLicon  celeber- 
rimi  pictores  Jlthenis,  e  vinaceis  facer e  :  try ginon  appel- 
lant, fipelles  commentus  est  ex  ebore  combusto  facere, 
quod  elephantimbin  vocavit.  Jldportatur  et  Indicum, 
inexploratae  adhuc  inventionis  mi  hi.      Fit  etiam  apud 


62  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


infectores ex  flore  nigro^qui  adhaeresoit  aheneis  cortinis. 
Fit  et  e  tedis  lig-no  combusto,  tritisque  in,  mortario  car- 
honibus.  JVLira  m  hoc  sepiarum  ruatura  :  sed  ex  hie 
Tbon  fit.  Omne  avuterifr  atrarnentv.m,  sole  perjzcitur}  li- 
brarium,  gummi,  teotorum,  glutino  admixto.  Quod 
autem  aoeto  liquefactvjm  est,  aegre  eluitur. 

(TRANSLATION.) 

"Ink  (or  literally.)  Blacking. — Jfnk  also 
maif.  lie  set  damn  among,  tire,  artificial  (or 
cam/zound)  drugs,  altkougk  It  Is.  a  mineral 
deemed  from  tuia  sources.  J3$ar,  It  Is.  same- 
times  deuela/zed  l/i  tire  form,  of  a  saline 
efflorescence, — aT  Is  a  real  mineral  of  sul- 
fzkureaus  calar — ckasen  far  tills  /zur/zase. 
JDh&ife.  kaae  keen  jzalnters  mka  dug  n/z  fram 
graaes  calared  caals  (carbon).  J^.Lit  all 
these  are  useless  and  nem-fangled  nations. 
2f*ar  it  is  made  from  soot  in  aarlaus  farms, 
as  (far  instance)  af  Luhzt  rosin  or  filtck. 
jSftar  tkis  /zur/zase,  tkeg  kaae  Luilt  manu- 
factories not  emitting  tfiat  sma.ke.  JDIze 
ink.  af  tke  i^ejLg  Lest  q.ualltg  is  made  from, 
tke  smoke  af  tarckes.  ^fln  i/zferiar  article 
Is  made  from  tke  saat  of  furnaces  and 
liatk-kause  cklmnegs.  J^Jkere  are  same 
(manufacturers)  also,  uika  em/ilajj.  tke  dried 
lees  af  mine;  and  tkeg  do  sag.  tkat  If  tke 
lees  so  emjzloged  mere  from  good  mine,  tke 
c/_ualltg  af  tke  ink  is  tkerebg  muck  im- 
/zraned.  S*Polggnatus  andjlilcon,  celeLrated 
/lalnters  at  ^fltke/is,  made  t/zelr  black  /iaint 
from  Lurnt  gra/ze- nines ;  tkeg  gaae  It  tke 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJSTK.  63 


name  af  trygynon.  Apelles,  me  are  tald, 
made,  his  fLam  liurnt  iaary,  and  called  it 
elefikantina  " iiiary-Llack/  Jfndiya  kas 
lieen  decent ly  im/zarted, — a  sulistance  mkase 
camjzasitian  Jf  kane  nat  yet  iniiestiyated. 
J^Jke  defers,  make  tkeirs  franz  tfie  dark  crust 
tkat  yradually  accumulates,  an  L^ass.- ket- 
tles. J?nk  is  made  alsa  fLam  tarckes  f/iine- 
knatsj,  and  franz  ckarcaal  fiaunded  fine  uz 
nzartars.  <(  j£fke  cuttle-fis.fi n  kas  a  renzark- 
aLLe  q.uaLity  in  tkis  resjzect;  liut  tke  calar- 
iny-matter  mkick  it  /traduces  is  not  used 
in  tke  manufacture  af  ink.  ^fLLl  ink  is 
unfzraiLed  Ly  ejz/zasure  ta  tke  sun's  rays. 
J^.ao^k-mriters}  ink  kas  yum  mined  uiitk  it, 
— meaner^  ink  is  made  u/z  uiitk  ylue.  Jfnk 
mkase  materials  kane  keen  Lic^uEfied  Ly  tke 
ayency  af  an  acid  is  erased  uiitk  yreat 
difficulty.." 

JUkis  saunds  nery  muck  like  nansense: 
liut  it  is  exactly  uikat  tke  "  /threat  J^atu}Lal- 
ist,n  IP  liny,  meant  mken  ke  mrate  all  tkat 
he  knem,  and  /zraLaLly  all  tkat  uias  tke/i 
knauin  an  tke  sulyect  af  ink,  lilack  jzalnts 
and  dyes,  and  nery  dajLk-cala/Led  fluids 
generality,  mkick  mere  tken  emjilayed  Ly 
fzainters,  dyers,  meaners,  mrite^s  and  jiky- 
sicians.  J3a  make  kis  cka/iter  an  tkis  suli- 
J.ect  fully,  intelliyiLle  ta  us,  me  must  Lear  in 
mind  tke  fact,  tkat  tke  yreat  science  af  Che- 


64  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJSfK 


mistry  IzcuL  na  existence  till  manjj.  centuries. 
aftetL  Sfizniy.  uuLate.  ^fkiuL  t/zus,  it  neu.etL 
accused  ta  kirn  t/zat  t/ze^e  uias  liut  one 
suLstance,  f/iain  knauiiz  ta  lie  elementcuLiy,) 
carbon,  mhic/i  QCLLLe.  t/ze  c/ualitij.  of  Slack- 
ness, ta  all  t/ze  materials  ui/zic/z  he  names, 
with,  t/ze  ejzce/ztzan  af  one  salt  of  ca/z/zetL, 
and  /zf-aliaLlif.  a/ze  af  uLon,  (t/ze  sulfz/zate,) 
and  Indigo,  a  /zu/Lely.  aeg.etali.Le  salistan.ce, 
t/ze  dried  coloring,  matted  af  a  jzlaizt  in 
Jfndia,  (Indicofera  anil,)  and  named  Laj.  t/ze 
3lam.an.Su  fLairz  t/ze  county  t/zat  jziLaduced 
zt,  and  fuLst  made  it  knaauz  ta  tlzeirz. 

Pedanius  Dioscorides,  liahz  in  ^fLna^ai-- 
Las,  (a  city,  af  ^ilicia,  aLant  fi-ftjy  miles 
pLam_  Tarsus,  t/ze  L'uLtlz.-jzlace  af  t/ze  yl/zastle 
SPauL,)  uifLate  a  Look  an  t/ze  jltatefiia  jl/Lc- 
dica,  aiL  t/ze  equalities  of  diLuq-S,  a  Little  after 
t/ze  time  ui/zen  SP/iny.  cam/zased  /zis  J^afuiLaL 
Jf£istaiLy..  JS^eitlze^  of  tlzeirz  seems  ta  /zaae 
Leen  acquainted  ULztlz  t/ze  uiritinQS  af  t/ze 
at/ze/4-.  yt/z/zatcentlift  t/zey  lined,  anLate  and 
died  nearijj.  ojl  actually.  co.tem/zaiLa/Liy,  in  t/ze 
same  emfzi^e,  utteriy.  iyna/~ant  af  eaclz 
atlze^s  existence, — t/zauylz  t/zey  atLe  nam. 
uniiie^salLy.  ^ecayni^ed  as  t/ze  tuia  mast 
eminent  mrite^s  af  czLl  antiquity,  an  t/ze 
sulyects  af  J^atutLal  Jf£ista/Ly.  and  t/ze  jltcz- 
te^ia  jltedica.  JD/zey.  Lat/z  lined  in  tlze 
fLei<yn  of  JVe^a,  and  tlze  date  af  t/ze  active 
a^  middle  jzcuLt  af  Lat/z  thei/  lines  may.  Le 


THE  HISTOFY  OF   IJTK.  65 


iLeas.ojzaLUjr  jzLaced  at  atL  aLaut  tke  ij.ea^ 
100  af  tke  ^/z^LstLan  §Hjl. 

2fiiLam  QL LascatLzdes_  ta  Linnjeus,  (Ljz  tke 
Last  ceatiuty,)  tke  jl/LatejLia  jl/LecLLca  made 
na  actual  /zt~ag./cess.  and  iLeceLaed  rza  SLCzentL- 
fzc  inz/u^Q/ienzent ;  ifet,  eminent  as.  Is.  (Q)las.- 
ca^zdes.,  ke  mas  &a  Little  knauin  ta  kLs.  amn 
Qene^atLan  afL  t/zat  next  faLLaaiL/zQ,  tkat  It 
Is  nam  1/n/zas.s.zlile  ta  ascertain  tke  exact 
date  af  kzs.  LLtLtk  atL  af  kzs.  deatlz,  at-  ani^ 
facts.  In  IzLsl  life,  lint  t/zat  ke  innate  tuia 
LaaksL,  af  m/zLck  t/zat  ke/Le  q^uated  Lsl  tke 
Lest  knauLiZy  and  Izas,  made  klirz  knamn 
1J00   L^ecW-s.   afte^  kls.   LuLtk. 

(/life  irzaij.  mentLan  tkat  t/zls.  ^)LasccuLLdes. 
mas,  In  na  ti-aceaLLe  degree,  delated  ta  tke 
jze^saiz  af  tke  &airze  name,  mkase  manu- 
s.cft'L/zt  me  kaae  ca/zzed  In  an^  LLLusttLatzans. 
as.  tke  aldest  extant  s./zecurzen  af  /^i~eek 
Lnk-m^LtLnQ. ) 

/Ufe  c^Lne  a  ttLans.Latzan  af  kLs.  Li-Lef  lint 
cairzjzLete  descH/ztzan  af  tke  ink  used  Liz  kzs. 
tune,  and  tke  ^Eatuz  ae^szan,  t/zat  tkas.e 
m/za  uiL&Lz  ma/j.  satLsff  tkem.se/LLes.  af  tlze 
cajLiLectnes.s.  af  atuL  fiende^LnQ.  Jft  mLLL  Le 
Sieen  t/zat  Lt  accufLs.  at  tke  cLase  af  tlze  Qf-eat 
maiLk  af  (LL Lasca/LLdes. : — 

Jitr amentum,  quo  soribimus,  e  fuligine  taedarum 
collectcb  conficitur.  In  sing-ulas  gummi  uncias  ternae 
fulig'inis  unciae  adjiciuntur.  Fit  etiam  e  resinae  fuli- 
g-ine  et  pictoria  ilia  modo  dicta,      Hujus  fuliginis  aio- 


66  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK 


tern  sumi  oportet  minarn  unam,  g-ummi  sesquilibram, 
taurini  g-lutinis  et  chalcanthi  singulorum'  sesquiun- 
ciam  Idoneum  sst  ad  septica;  et  confert  ambustis  ex 
aqua  paullo  crassius  inunctum  et  tamdiu  dimissum} 
donee  cicatrix  obducatur}  sanatis  nimirum  ulceribus 
sponte  sua  excidit. 

Jltque  jam,  carissime  Jlree,  turn  pro  operis  modo, 
quern  proposueramus ;  turn  pro  materiae  auxiliorumque 
copia,  quam  colligere  licuit}  hucusque  dicta  sujficiant. 

Libri  quinti  et  ultimi  de  JJLateria  JVLedica  finis. 

GPedanii  (X>ioscoridis  Jlnazarbei  (X)e  JVLateria  JVLedica. 

[TRANSLATION.] 

\^£Jlze\  "Ink  mitk  m/ziclz  me  incite,  is 
camfzased  af  tlze  soot  af  ta^ckes,  collected. 

"  J3a  eac/z  ounce  af  qlwz,  add  tkiLee  af 
saot. 

"  Jft  is  al&a  mcude  af  t/ze  soot  af  tLesin 
and  af  t/iat  lately,  called  i  jzauztefis!  lilack/ 
(Df  this,  soot,  homeae^, — take  ane  mina, — of 
qiliiz,  half  a  jzaiind, — af  ax.-arlue  a/zd  af 
ca/z/ze^as,  eac/z,  half  cuz  aunce. 

"Jft  is  cz  c^aad  a/z/zlicatia/z  i/z  cases  af 
QaizQ^etze,  and  is  useful  i/z  scalds,  if  a  little 
thickened  arid  ein/zloifed  as  a  saline,  and 
jze^nzitted  la  iLenzain  until  a  nem  cuticle  is 
farmed,  mlzeiz  it  mill  s/zantaneauskf  fall  off 
p-anz  tlze  /zeaLed  satLe. 

" ^fknd  nam,  mif  ne/Hj.  deatL  yli-eus,  in  due 
/zfafzartian  to  t/ze  matLk  mlziclz  nie  liad  un- 
dertaken, and  tlze  cfuanlity.  af  tlze  materials 
and  cantrtLutians  mkick  me  could  <gatlie/~, 
uifzat  uie  liane  tlius  fa/L  said  must  suffice. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK.  67 


"  tpnd  af  tke  fifth,  and  Last  Laak  an  £Jke 
jt/LateiLia  jl/Ledica. 

\_JDke  LaaM\  af  UPedanius  (2)  iascaHdes  an 
tke  jUate^ia  jltedica." 

fllfe  kaae  fallauied  tke.  text  af  JKa^L  /jlat- 
LeiL  JfCiikn.  Medicorum  Graecorum,  opera  quae 
extant.     j£eifei£,  i$2<f. 

^fLinanQ.  tke  fantastic  trifles,  uiitk  aikick 
Dean  Swift  nias  accustamed  ta  amuse  his. 
Leisure,  is  a  Little  stfanQ  af  ae^ses  an  tkis 
sali^ect  uikick  atLe  afzfzended,  not  as  kein^ 
af  any.  /zaetic  me/cit,  Lut  as  a  " cu^iasity  af 
LitetLatiuLe)) — nat  attt  af  /zlace  ke^e: — 

#tt  fit 

I  am  jet  black,  as  you  may  see, 
The  son  of  pitch  and  gloomy  night ; 
Yet  all  who  know  me  will  agree 
Pm  dead,  except  I  live  in  light, 

Sometimes  in  panegyric  high, 
Like  lofty  Pindar,  I  can  soar, 
And  raise  a  virgin  to  the  sky, 
Or  sink  her  to'd  *'*  *  *  * 

My  blood  this  day  is  very  sweet, 
To-morrow  of  a  bitter  juice  ; 
Like  milk,  "'tis  cried  about  the  street 
And  so  applied  to  different  use. 

Most  wondrous  is  my  magic  power : 
For  with  one  color  I  can  paint. 
Pll  make  the  devil  a  saint  this  hour, 
Next  make  a  devil  of  a  saint. 

Through  distant  regions  I  can  fly, 
Provide  me  with  but  paper  ivings, 
And  fairly  show  a  reason  why 
There  should  be  quarrels  among  kings. 


6$  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJ^K 


And,  after  all,  you'll  think  it  odd, 
When  learned  doctors  will  dispute, 
That  I  should  point  the  word  of  God, 
And  show  where  they  can  best  confute. 

Let  lawyers  bawl  and  strain  their  throats  , 
'Tis  I  that  must  the  lands  convey, 
And  strip  their  clients  to  their  coats, — 
Nay,  give  their  very  souls  away. 

JWe  find  al&a  in  SPa/zes  e/zistle  af  J^elaise 
ta  ^fLLeiLLatLd  an  allusion  ta  tke  fzauie/L  af 
Letters,  as  canjieifing  Ideas,  uikic/z  seems. 
a/z/ztLafz^iate  la  t/zis  connexion,  as  illustrat- 
ing tke  ases  af  ink. 

Heaven  first  taught  letters  for  some  wretch's  aid, 
Some  banished  lover,  or  some  captive  maid : 
They  live,  they  speak,  they  breathe  what  love  inspires, 
Warm  from  the  soul,  and  faithful  to  its  fires ; 
The  virgin's  wish  without  her  fears  impart, 
Excuse  the  blush,  and  pour  out  all  the  heart, 
Speed  the  soft  intercourse  from  soul  to  soul, 
And  waft  a  sigh  from  Indus  to  the  pole. 

JD Ize  genius  af  Byron  (in  a  /zlaLfful  flas/zj 
has  illaminated  antL  salifect  uiith.  ane  af  /lis 
mast  LuLiLLiant  fzassages : — 

But  words  are  things  :  and  a  small  drop  of  INK, 

Falling  like  dew  upon  a  thought,  produces 

That  which  makes  thousands  (perhaps  millions)  think. 

^fi  Less  distinQuis/zed  fzaet  has,  in.  ex- 
/z^essitie,  and  tfzaaq^/z  in  c^aaintetL}  kanzliLe^, 
ij.et  in  nalile  strain,  said  ui/zat  is  equalLij. 
a/ifiji-afztLiate  in  t/zis  /zLace : — 

Books  are  a  part  of  man's  prerogative : 
Informal  INK,  they  thought  and  voices  hold, 
That  we  to  them  our  solitude  may  give, 
And  make  time  present  travel  as  of  old. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK.  69 


Celsus,  uika  lined  la  tkls  uta^ld,  aLaut 
tke  commencement  af  tke  ^k^lstlan  e^a, 
has  left  a  little  memorandum  an  tills.  suL- 
J.ect  uiklck  Is.  uiatLtk  c^uatlnc^. 

JWe  o^lae  Ills  uia^ds  entire  :— 

J3keiLe  a/^e  tuia  kinds  af  Laid  sfiats 
accusing,  an  tfie  human  head, — ane  aftkem 
a  Laldness  uiklck  c^eefis  aiie^  tfie  scalfi  Like 
a  seventy — tke  attietL  skauilncj.  Itself  In  tke 
fafim  af  ^aund  sfiaces  uncane^ed  Llj  kauL. 
<~Fame  Recommend  tke  use  af  ac^ld  lHLltant 
articles,  ca.mLlned  uiltk  alls,  Sic.  J^ut 
tke^e  Is  natklncj.  Letted  fa^ jj.au  than  la  kaue 
tke  Laid  jzlace  skaned  enetHf  daij.  uiltk  a 
\uety.  dull~\  tLa$.a&,  and,  afteiL  katitnQ  dane 
tkat,  Ljau  neeanft  da  aniftklnQ.  else  liut  ^uL 
an  tke  jzlace  tkus  skaned  a  little  atr amen- 
tum sutorium — ("  skaemake^s'  Ink,"  "cafz- 
/zesLas-uiatefL/'j — [solution  of  tke  dDl-fi^ata. 
sulfikate  af  tke  (fie^j  sesq.uajdijd  of  uLan\. 

JOJke  editor  af  tke  jointed  co/zif.  af  tke 
edlttan  of  tke  uiaf-ks.  af  Aulus  Cornelius 
Celsus  uiklck  mas  pointed  In  SPadua,  made 
a  material  eHLar  an  tkls  /zalnt. 

JDke  uia^d  "  suta^lum"  fLelnc^  unlntelll- 
c^lLle  to.  tke  lc^natlant  monk  uika  sufzetLln- 
tendedtke  jz^'mtlncj)  mas  ckancjed  ta  " saLlji- 
ta^lum," — tkat  lsf  "  uiHtlnQ-lnk,"  Instead 
af  u skaemake^s'-lnk."  jft  Is  uiell-knauin 
tkat  a  solution  af  ca/zfzetLas  /ziLa/iejLltj.  made, 
mill  iLemedij_  atc  JziLenent  lziLematuiLe  Laldness  ; 


70  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK. 


but  uie  assert  tlzat  na  qnGUttity.  of  lam/z- 
black  and  qiutl,  or  c^rease,  ///ill  be  found 
effectual  for  tfiat  jutrjzose. 

Jfn  t/ie  time  of  $elsus,  t/ie  sul/zlzate  af 
iron  (cofz/zeras)  had  not  jj.et  become  an 
essential  inexpedient  of  uiritinQ-ink  ;  and 
enen  afte/L  that  its.  combination  uiith  car- 
bonaceous, and  oleaginous  matters  entirely 
neutralised  t/ie  jzo/ner  ui/zic/z  renders  it 
a/z/zlicable  and  useful  in  such,  cases. 


COHCUISIOH* 

Jltfe  /ia/ie  thus,  here'uz  attemfzted  tlze  f/d- 
filment  of  tlze  Jzromise  (uiith  uJzicfz  uie 
hegaji)  to  jzroduce  a  "History  of  Ink/' — a 
thing,  ne/ier  before  done  or  enen  fz/^o/zosed  to 
be  done.  Jff  not  successful  in  our  attemjzt, 
/ae  ho/ze  t/zat  uie  ha/ie  at  least,  i/z  t/zis  little 
book,  furnished  Izints  and  suggestions  on 
t/zis  subject  ui/zic/z  t/ze  LecuLned  may.  em/z/ojj. 
hereafter  uilzen  tlze  IzistotHf  of  tlzis  impor- 
tant material  of  history,  s/zall  be  under- 
taken and  executed  on  a  larger  scale.  ^J/z 
/lie/it  of  ui/zich  fzossibilit/ff  uie  may,  uiith.  a 
/zardonable  self-yrat/dation,  say., — in  tlze 
uiords    of  jltartin    j£utfzer,  — {( /life.    Iia/ie 


THE   HISTORY  OF   IJTK.  71 


giuen  ta  atket*-  and  kigke^  sjzirtts  accasian 
ta  Reflect." 

J^nt  ulc  a^e  lath,  ta  leaae  tkis  sulgect 
Uakick  kas  g^auin  inta  qll^  affectians  as  me 
Izaae  dmelt  ujzan  it)  mitkaut  giving,  a  lilam 
<?>  a  kick  ta  ane  manst^aus  alisu^ditg  mkick 
kas  /z^enailed  amang.  tke  learned,  (<falselg 
sa-called/; — f^am  tke  tune  mken  tke  Je- 
suits ^etuhied  pLam  $kina  mit/z  tkei^ 
44 ed.ifij.ing.  and  cuficuuB."  tales,  aliaut  tke 
Izuge  anticfuitg.  af  all  tke  arts  and  same  af 
tke  sciences  af.  ciiiili^afian  amang.  tke  jzea- 
jzle  af.  mkat  tkeg  called  tke  " $elestiaL 
fpmjzuLe" — a  teiLm  mkallg  anknamn  ta  tke 
$kinese,  in  ang  fahiz  atL  aaHatian  af  ejz- 
/ziLessian. 

JDke  simfzle  facts  atLe  tkat — tke  $lzinese 
defined  tkei^  knamledge  af  Ink  (af  matting 
uiitk  a  calojLed  liquid)  f^atn  ^uJ-afze.  <~Pa  did 
tkeg  alitain  tkei^  knamledge  af  tke  art  af 
fz^inting,  caJ-rted  ta  tkenz  Lig  Afenetian  ttLa- 
nele^Sj  "  anertand"  j^ast  at  tke  mament 
Lefa^e  tke  cLumsg.  en^aaed  maad-Llacks 
me^e  snjze^seded  lig  tke  nzaaeaLle  tg/zes  af 
z^ansefleisck  at*-  /^.utenLe^g.  <~Pa  mas  it 
uiitk  tke  jl/LaHne^s  ^amfzass,  tke  manu- 
facture af  g-nn/zauider,  and  all  tkeitL  liaasted 
" inue/ztians" — amang  mkick  mag  lie  in- 
cluded tkeuL  calculatian  af  ecli/zses  liack- 
matLd  tk^augk  faLulaus  cgcles  af  centuries, 
and  tke  mojLals  of  $anfucias  aiL  JfCang-faa- 


72  THE  HISTORY  OF  IJTK 


tsee,  a  tni^tLhLcaL  jLe^sana^e  unmentioned  in 
the  /u&faAy.  af  $hi/ia  until  the  contents  of 
the  Jfeuu.  Testament  Liad  Leen  made 
kiLauuL  tlzeiLe, — and  that — many,  ac^es  afteiL 
the  date  of  /lis.  su/z/zased  Life  and  death.. 

J^Lit  fa/c  thei/-  de^iaatian  ajul  a/z/z/La/z^i- 
atian  at*-  theft  of  the  Qfeat  cuLts  p^om  the 
fUfest,  the  $lzinese  and  alt  (!)  Cental  nations., 
fhonz  the  fpujzh^ates  to  the  ^Pacific,  incLud- 
uiq  the  _fa/zanese,  mould  haae  Remained 
to  this  daif  in  the  condition  in  m/zich  the 
jl/LeDdLcans  and  SPe^imians  uiei-e  found  Llj. 
the  <~P/zanish  and  JftaLLan  i-ahhe^s  mho  fi^st 
ejz/zLatLed  the  /Western  Jf^emis/zhe^e,  and 
nztuLde^ed  its  inhabitants  fo^  theij-  Land,  and 
the  fruits  and  the  QaLd  and  sLLne^  of  that 
Land. 

fWhateLLeJ-  arts  the  Chinese  at*-  Jfajzcuzese 
aiL_fesuits  maj£  hane  inaentedo^  fif-ese^LLeci, 
the  aH:  af  telling  the  truth  is  evidently. , 
to  all  af  them,  one  af  "the  lost  arts/9 — 
Lost  i^etHeiLaLLi^  and  fo^ene^/ 


^^•^L,  <**  *f  ^A^^^S)  y*Z^4>^y>  e^/i^^^^' 

J 


Snyder,  B/acXd  Scum,  S2  mm  a  n  Sc. 


DESCRIPTION  OE  THE  PLATES. 

JVo.  l.—fi  fac  simile  of  the  oldest  Hieratic,  -writing 
extant — about  the  15th  century  ij.  G.  (The  haivh 
(the  emblem  of  (Divinity)  and  the  man  stand  on 
something  that  u  teters" — the  circle  between  them 
(a  serpent  biting  its  own  tail)  is  the  ancient  symbol 
of  eternity.      Dhe  (Deity  overbalances   the  man. 

Jho.  J2  — From  a  Greek  JVbB.  buried  at  Fberculaneum 
in  the  year  29    g.G. 

Jho.  3. — Written  on  papyrus  in  Egypt ;  in  the  3d 
century  Fj.  G. 

J\fo.   Jf.— Written   on   papyrus   260   years  Fj.  G. 

Jho.  5. — Specimen  of  a  (Palimpsest  copy  of  Cicero's 
u  I^epublio"  in   the  Vatican   Library. 

Jpo.    6. — (Phoenician   writing   on  papyrus. 

JTo.    7 . — From     a     (Pentateuch    in     the    F>ibe-    JSFate- 
(Paris ,  fi.  (D.   450. 

Jho.  8 :. — From  a  Qreelc  Copy  of  the  Ijcok  of  Genesis, 
written   in  gold   on  purple   vellum }  fi.    (D.  J/.0 0 . 

Jho.  9. — From  a  JVLS.  on  papyrus  written  in  Egypt 
3d   century   Ij.C. 

Jpo.  10. — From  a  Charter  of  Childebert  III.  fi.  (D. 
703. 

flo.  11. — From  a  Charter  of  Charlemagne ;  about 
fi.  (D.   785. 

JVo-  1£2.  —  From  a  Charter  of  the  Emperor  Conrad  I. 
fi.  (D.   988. 


(T> 


(DESCIil'JPTIOJl   OF  <±HE  (PLjlTES. 


JTo.    18. — Specimen  of  "  F(_oman  Saxon/7  fi.  (D.    600. 

JTo.  1J/-. — From  a  Charter  of  (Dagobert  I.  about 
fx    Q.  620. 

JTo.    15. — From   an   early    Gaelic  J\I8. 

JTo.    16. — From   a   (Deed   of  William   the  Conqueror. 

JTo  17 . — (The  monogram  signature  to  a  Charter  of 
Charlemagne,    about  fi.(D.  785. 

JTo.  l£f. — From  a  Charter  of  the  reign  of  Hugh 
Capet ,  fi.  (I).    9$g. 

JTo.    19, — From   a   (peed   of  Henry   I. 

JTo.  20. — From  a  (Deed  of  Stephen,  dated  fi.  (D. 
1139 

JTo.   21. — From   a  (Deed   of  the  reign   of  Richard   I. 

JTo.  22. — From  a  JUS.  of  Wycklijfe's  translation  of 
the   Fjible. 

Jpo.  28.— c-  Set  Saxon,"  jl.  (p.    $50. 

"  Qui  sub  Pontio  Pilato  crucifixus  est,  et  sepultas,  tertia  die  resurrexit." 

JTo.  2Jf. — From  a  Charter  of  Sebbi,  King  of  the 
East   Saxons,  fi.  (p.    6  6 4, 

"  Ego  Sebbi  Rex  East  Sax  (onum)  pro — confirmations  Subscripsi." 

JPo  25. — (Part  of  a  Charter  of  ji.fr ed  the  Great, 
fi.  (D.    800. 

JTo.   26 — From  a  Charter  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 

jfl.  (i>  104S. 

JTo.  27. — From  a  ((Deed  of  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 
JTo.  28 . — From  a  (Deed  of  William  the  Conqueror. 
JTo.  29. — From  a  (Deed  of  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
Edwardus  Dei  gratia  Rex  Anglias  Dominus  Hibernice,  Dux  Aquitanice,  fyc. 

Jp0,  3  0.— From  the  Will  of  William  Jdibelfeld, 
JTov.    7,    1489. 

JTo.    81. — From  a  (Deed  of  the  reign   of  Eolward  IV. 
JTo.    82. — From   a    Grant   by    William    Wallace. 
JTo     83. — From   a   QJeed   of  IJJchard   III. 


QESCLiLFTIOJI  OF    THE  (PLJ1TES.  3 


JIo.    3 It-. — From   a   (Deed   of  the   reign   of  John. 

JIo.    85. — -f^utograph   of  Lord  JUacaidey. 

_yy0.    36. — From   a   ((Deed   of  Henry    VII. 

JIo.  87. — From  an  English  translation  of  the 
works   of  Chauliac,  fi.  0.   140  0. 

JJo     ggm — From   a   (Deed   of  Henry  VIII 

JIo.  89. — From  a  JVLS.  in  the  rounded  hand  of 
Italy,    15th   century. 

JIo.  Jf.0 . — Letter  from  Columbus  to  the  Viceroy  of 
Castile,  15th    Century. 

JIo.   J/-1- — Letter   of  Jinn e   of  IJrittany,  1514- 

JIo.    4-Q. — Signature   of  u  IJayard,"   the   Chevalier. 

JIo.    Ij-3. — Letter  from    Charles    V.  to   Francis   I. 

JIo.    4-4- — Letter  from    Calvin,    1559. 

JIo.    4-5. — Letter   of  the   Earl   of  Essex,  1567 . 

JIo.    4&- — Letter   of  Copernicus,    1473. 

JJo.    47. — William   H.    (Prescott. 

JIo.    4^ ■ — Letter   of  Charles   the   XII  of  Sweden. 

Jfo.    49. — Rosseazb,    1757. 

Jfo.    50. — Letter   of  Erasmus,    1476. 

JIo.  51. — Letter  of  Queen  Elizabeth  to  Henry  IV 
of  France. 

JIo.    52.— Christina   of  Sweden,    1626. 

JIo.    58. — Charles   I.    to   his   sister. 

JIo.    54-— Oliver    Cromwell,    1643. 

JIo.    55. — (Dulce   of  JVIarlhorough,    Jzcne,    170  6. 

JIo.  56. — Fhe  Empress  Catherine  II.  of  Russia, 
July,    1773. 

JSTo.    57. — Washington,    6th   Sept.    17 '& 'g. 

Jfo.    5$.— Louis   XVI,  June   8  0,    1773. 

JIo.    59. — Robespierre. 

JIo.    60. — -Jlopoleon   to     Soult. 


4  QESCIilTTIOJT  OF  THE  ~ES. 


JTo.    61. — Wellington,  June   19,    18 '15. 

Jfo.    62. — Lord  gyron}  JTov.    4,   1&21. 

JTo.    63. —  Voltaire,  July  29 ,    1707. 

JTo,    64. — Edmund   J^urlze. 

JTot    65. — William   (Pitt,  JVLarch  27,    1808. 

JTo.    66. — Wellington,  fijpril  21,    1&84- 

The  colored  engraving  is  an  illustration  of  the 
picture  writing  of  the  JVLexicans,  from  Lord;  Kings- 
borough's  great  work.  The  blue  border  represents  a 
series  of  years,  distinguished  by  the  dots.  The  com- 
partment with  five  dots  representing  the  fifth  year 
of  the  reign,  that  with  ten  the  tenth,  and,  so  on. 
The  pictures  of  the  acts  of  the  Prince  being  con- 
nected with  each  special  year  by  means  of  a  connect- 
ing line.  The  additional  symbols  have  different 
significations  —  that  of  the  flower  signifying  a  cal- 
amitous year,  Cfc.  In  this  plate  King  fleam apich  is 
represented^  in  the  first  and  sixth  year  of  his  reign; 
at  the  top  of  the  page  are  warlike  instruments ,  sig- 
nifying his  preparation  for  war ;  the  figures  below, 
on  the  right,  are  the  four  cities — Quahnahuac, 
JVLezquic,  Guitlhuac  and  Xochimilco — represented;  by 
descriptive  symbols.  The  four  heads  on  the  left  are 
those  of  the  respective  kings  or  chiefs  of  these  cities, 
beheaded  by  ficamapich,  each  distinguished  by  the 
icons  graphic  symbol  by  which  his  name  was  expressed 
in  this  system  of  writing.  * 

These  picture  records,  which  would  have  illustrated  the  unknown  history  of 
this  continent,  were  destroyed  in  "  mountain  heaps''  by  the  first  Spanish  arch- 
bishop of  Mexico — an  act  of  fanatical  vandalism  equalled  only  by  the  burning 
of  the  Alexandrian  Library,  and  the  vast  hoard  of  Moorish  literature  at  Granada 
by  Ximenes. 


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IN    DIFFERENT  LANGUAGES 

C/uddaie:_n^    DYO 

Sanskrit :  _    wftr 

£/*^  :  _  J/6  /uX7;  /MlartJ 

Lettish  :_  ATRAMEUTUM/<fiT^?/,^7^y 

Mediaeval Latin: _   ENCANSTUM 

China  :_JE  ?1^  m?h  shwuy/^^W 

"       '£*>  IVI I  H  (Ghimstlnk/ 
Qutfondzaleet  :_MAK  SHUT 


Hi/tdostoJi  :^J  °   KALI 
^^^Z:_^|^  KALI 
Shit^/alese  :_ej  § 
Burmese/  \Jf^> 
MaZ/iyhim  :_aca>1 
Maratha  :_5TI^ 
Persia\-^\^    SI  YAH  I 
Stnic  .'-"agr 

Thrkey^j*  murekkeb 
Jrmenia :  _V  ^  •«  '* 


SnyderBU  !cT5tw~r  ~  ".<  _-.-->0 


¥ 


iff  ©f  the  WOTB  HHl 

IN    DIFFERENT  LANGUAGES 


Nllfc    VIET 


Thibet  \J^\& 
Anamitic 

Malays*  DAWAT 
Japan\-K  "I 
«y&m:_MANULYSAN 

Egyptian :_  X^Rott 
Coptic  :_  X4>HO«I»T 
AmJwric  :_  «fcMP» 
Algerian- J£»     SIMEKH 
Jeihiopic  :Jt\<*>it 
Arabic  -J*^*  HBR,HIBR,HIBAR, 

German,:-.   %*^*  (7^^/WSSSrjlHK 
Spanish  :__TINTA 

Portugese :__  Tl  NTA 

Italian—  INCHIOSTRO 

Piedmontese, :_  INCIOSTR- 
p 

0  .  O  [Lettish-  BLAKKA 

flZlSSl/Ut :_  J     iicpHM^ia  j^,^^  Tl NTA 
/*?&>/?  :_INKAUST 


fmm  <w  tut  wwi  ihm 

IN    DIFFERENT  LANGUAGES 
Hungarian :  _  TE  N  T  A 
Buntla  orArgolense :  -  Tl  NT  A 
Bohemia ;  _  I N  GA  U  S  T 
Basque.-  CORANSIA 

Jllyrutn.-   INGOAS 
Banish: _  BLCC 

Swedish  _  BLACK 

Laplarudish :  _   B  L  E  K  K 

GreenJxmdish :_    B  L  E  K 

Jcelandish- :  _     B  L  E  K 

«^^:_DU,  ENGE 

Gaelic:^  DUBHADH 

Irish: -0u£.  DUBH 

Peruvian:  ^    YANATULLPU 

Chilian .  _  CH I LLC  A  MOM 

Mexican  : _  TH  L LI 

Guarani :  _  ti^tirvL  ( Tirta) 

Caribees Islands  :  _    OU LITI  or  OULITACLE 


ME  .YNKE 


'r/G:r£(ics.5S:u--    -"-'..•.  ..  "  .  ' 


STERLING   &   FRANCINE  CLARK  ART  INSTITUTE 

ND3334  .D37  stack 

Davids,  Thaddeus/The  history  of  ink,  inc 

i  miii  in  in  i  ii  111  mi  mi  i  mi  mi  intuitu  nut  " 


llll  llll  I 


3  1962  00068  8683